Federal Court of Malaysia

The Federal Court is located in the Palace of Justice in Putrajaya.

The Federal Court of Malaysia (Malay: Mahkamah Persekutuan Malaysia) is the highest court and the final appellate court in Malaysia. It is housed in the Palace of Justice in Putrajaya. The court was established during Malaya's independence in 1957 and received its current name in 1994.

History

The earliest predecessor of the Federal Court was the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales' Island (now Penang), Singapore and Malacca, which was established by the Second Charter of Justice, issued by the Crown as letters patent dated 27 November 1826.^[1] The Court was presided over by the Governor of the Straits Settlements and Resident Councillor of the settlement where the court was to be held, and another judge called the Recorder.^[2] The Third Charter of Justice of 12 August 1855 reorganized the Court, providing the Straits Settlements with two Recorders, one for Prince of Wales' Island and the other for Singapore and Malacca.^[3]

Following the reconstitution of the Straits Settlements as a Crown colony with effect from 1 April 1867,^[4] the Court of Judicature was replaced by the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements.^[5] The Governor and Resident Councillors ceased to be judges of the Court.^[6]

Further changes to the Court's constitution were made in 1873. It now consisted of two divisions – the Chief Justice and the Senior Puisne Judge formed the Singapore and Malacca division of the Court, while the Judge of Penang and the Junior Puisne Judge formed the Penang division. The Supreme Court also received jurisdiction to sit as an Court of Appeal in civil matters. In 1878 the jurisdiction and residence of judges was made more flexible, thus impliedly abolishing the geographical division of the Supreme Court.^[7] Appeals from decisions of the Supreme Court lay first to the Court of Appeal and then to the Queen-in-Council, the latter appeals being heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.^[8]

As a result of legislation passed in 1885,^[9] the Supreme Court consisted of the Chief Justice and three puisne judges. The Court was significantly altered in 1907.^[10] It now had two divisions, one exercising original civil and criminal jurisdiction and the other appellate civil and criminal jurisdiction.^[11]

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore (1942–1945), all the courts that had operated under the British were replaced by new courts established by the Japanese Military Administration. The Syonan Koto-Hoin (Supreme Court) was formed on 29 May 1942; there was also a Court of Appeal, but it was never convened.

Following the end of World War II, the courts that had existed before the war were restored. There was no change in the judicial system when the Straits Settlements were dissolved in 1946 and Singapore became a crown colony in its own right,^[12] except that the Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements became known as the Supreme Court of Singapore.^[13]

The courts of Penang and Malacca merged with the rest of Malaya to form the Supreme Court of the Federation of Malaya. This continued upon independence in 1957 until 1963. When Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore formed Malaysia in 1963, the court was renamed the Federal Court of Malaysia.

The judicial power of Malaysia was vested^[14] in a Federal Court, a High Court in Malaya, a High Court in Borneo (now the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak), and a High Court in Singapore (which replaced the Supreme Court of the Colony of Singapore).^[15] Appeals lay from the High Court in Singapore to the Federal Court in Kuala Lumpur, and then to the Privy Council.

The merger did not last: in 1965 Singapore left the Federation of Malaysia and became an independent republic. However, the High Court of Singapore remained part of the Malaysian Federal Court structure until 1969, when Singapore enacted the Supreme Court of Judicature Act^[16] to regularize the judicial system.

Before 1985, the Federal Court remained the second highest court in the land, being subordinate to the Privy Council in England.^[17] On 1 January 1978, appeals to the Privy Council in criminal and constitutional matters were abolished, while appeals in civil matters were abolished on 1 January 1985.^[17] When appeals to the Privy Council were abolished, the court was renamed Supreme Court of Malaysia. Finally, on 24 June 1994, as part of reforms, the court was once again renamed the Federal Court of Malaysia.^[18]

Judges

The court is composed of the Chief Justice, President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Judges of the High Court in Malaya and the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak and other Federal Court judges.^[18] The Chief Justice is also the head of the judiciary in Malaysia.^[18] All judges are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.^[18] All judges mandatorily retire at the age of 65.^[18]

Current judges

Name	Born	Elevated	Previous positions
Zaki Azmi (Chief Justice)	12 September 1945 (1945-09-12) (age 66)[19]	02007-09-05 5 September 2007[20]	Advocate and solicitor at the High Court of Malaya (1985–2007)[19]
Alauddin Mohd Sheriff (President of the Court of Appeal)	7 August 1946 (1946-08-07) (age 65)[20]	02004-07-12 12 July 2004[20]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2001–2004)[20]
Arifin Zakaria (Chief Judge of Malaya)	1 October 1950 (1950-10-01) (age 61)[20]	2005[20]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2002–2005)[20]
Richard Malanjum (Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak)	13 October 1952 (1952-10-13) (age 59)[20]	17 June 2005[21]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2003–2005)[21]
Hashim Yusoff	7 November 1947 (1947-11-07) (age 64)[22]	2006[22]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2002–2006)[22]
Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin	28 March 1951 (1951-03-28) (age 60)[23]	02007-09-05 5 September 2007[23]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2005–2007)[23]
Mohd Ghazali Mohd Yusoff	1946 (age 64–65)[24]	April 2009[24]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2002–2009)[24]
James Foong Cheng Yuen	25 February 1946 (1946-02-25) (age 65)[25]	2009[25]	Judge of the Court of Appeal (2005–2009)[25]
Md Raus Sharif	4 February 1951 (1951-02-04) (age 60)[26]		Judge of the Court of Appeal[26]
Abdull Hamid Embong	12 August 1949 (1949-08-12) (age 62)[27]		Judge of the Court of Appeal[27]
Suriyadi Halim Omar	5 May 1951 (1951-05-05) (age 60)[28]		Judge of the Court of Appeal[28]

Building

The Federal Court is located in the Palace of Justice in the federal administrative capital of Putrajaya. It was previously housed in the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur.

References

1. ^ Andrew Phang Boon Leong (2006), From Foundation to Legacy: The Second Charter of Justice, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law, pp. 19–23, ISBN 978-981-05-7194-8 (pbk.) .
2. ^ Mavis Chionh (2005), "The Development of the Court System", in Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan, Essays in Singapore Legal History, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law; Marshall Cavendish Academic, pp. 93–138 at 99–100, ISBN 978-981-210-389-5 (hbk.), ISBN 978-981-210-349-9 (pbk.) .
3. ^ Chionh, p. 103.
4. ^ By the Straits Settlements Act 1866 ([[List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 1860–1879#1866 (29 & 30 Vict.)|29 & 30 Vict., c. 115) (UK).
5. ^ By the Supreme Court Ordinance 1868 (No. 5 of 1868) (Straits Settlements).
6. ^ These changes were respectively effected by the Judicial Duties Act (No. 3 of 1867) (Straits Settlements) and the Supreme Court Ordinance 1868 (No. 5 of 1868) (Straits Settlements).
7. ^ By the Courts Ordinance 1878 (No. 3 of 1878) (Straits Settlements).
8. ^ Judicial Committee Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict., c. 69) (UK).
9. ^ Ordinance No. XV of 1885 (Straits Settlements).
10. ^ By the Courts Ordinance 1907 (No. XXX of 1907, Straits Settlements).
11. ^ Chionh, "Development of the Court System", pp. 104–106.
12. ^ By the Straits Settlements (Repeal) Act 1946 (9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 37).
13. ^ Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (2005), "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", in Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan, Essays in Singapore Legal History, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic for the Singapore Academy of Law, pp. 1–72 at 42–44, ISBN 978-981-210-389-5 (hbk.), ISBN 978-981-210-349-9 (pbk.) .
14. ^ By the Malaysia Act 1963 (No. 26 of 1963, Malaysia).
15. ^ The change was effected by the Courts of Judicature Act 1963 (No. 7 of 1964, Malaysia), reprinted as Act No. RS(A) 6 of 1966 in the Singapore Reprints Supplement (Acts) of the Government Gazette.
16. ^ Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1969 (No. 24 of 1969), now the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap. 322, 2007 Rev. Ed.).
17. ^ ^{a b} "Courts & Judgments". Jurist. University of Pittsburgh. http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/malaysia.htm#Courts. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
18. ^ ^{a b c d e} "The Malaysian Judiciary". Federal Court of Malaysia. http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/courts/maljudiciary.shtml. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
19. ^ ^{a b} "Chief Justice of Malaysia". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=200&Itemid=101&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} "Judiciary Members". Federal Court of Malaysia. http://www.kehakiman.gov.my/html/judiciary_members.shtml. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
21. ^ ^{a b} "Malanjum The First Kadazandusun To Be Chief Judge". Bernama. 27 July 2006. 
22. ^ ^{a b c} "The Honourable Dato' Bentara Luar Dato' Haji Hashim Bin Dato' Haji Yusof". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=139%3Athe-honourable-dato-haji-hashim-bin-dato-haji-yusoff-spsk-dpmk-kmn&catid=12%3Apublic-content&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
23. ^ ^{a b c} "The Honourable Tan Sri Dato' Zulkefli bin Ahmad Makinudin". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140%3Athe-honourable-dato-zulkefli-bin-ahmad-makinudin-dpmp-smj-pis-&catid=12%3Apublic-content&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
24. ^ ^{a b c} "The Honourable Tan Sri Mohd Ghazali bin Mohd Yusoff". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=214%3Ayang-arif-datuk-mohd-ghazali-bin-mohd-yusoff&catid=32&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
25. ^ ^{a b c} "The Honourable Tan Sri James Foong Cheng Yuen". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215%3Aya-dato-james-foong-cheng-yuen&catid=32&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
26. ^ ^{a b} "The Honourable Dato’ Seri Md Raus bin Sharif". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=183%3Acourt-of-appeal-judge-dato-md-raus-sharif&catid=33&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
27. ^ ^{a b} "The Honourable Dato Abdull Hamid Bin Embong". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=184%3Acourt-of-appeal-judge-dato-abdull-hamid-bin-embong&catid=33&Itemid=103&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
28. ^ ^{a b} "The Honourable Datuk Suriyadi bin Halim Omar". Chief Registrar of the Federal Court. http://202.75.7.131/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=217%3Ajudge-court-of-appeal-datuk-suriyadi&catid=33&Itemid=129&lang=en. Retrieved 14 July 2011.