Heinz Barwich

Heinz Barwich (22 July 1911 in Berlin – 10 April 1966 in Cologne) was a German nuclear physicist. He was deputy director of the Siemens Research Laboratory II in Berlin. At the close of World War II, he went to the Soviet Union for ten years to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project, for which he received a Stalin Prize. He was director of the "Zentralinstitut für Kernforschung" (Central Institute for Nuclear Research) at Rossendorf near Dresden, and he was director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia. For a few years, he was an agent-in-place in Russia for a Western intelligence agency, and he defected to the West in 1964.

Education

Barwich began his studies in electro-technology in 1929 at the Technische Hochschule Berlin (TU Berlin) in Berlin-Charlottenburg. While there, he attended lectures of the pioneers of physics at the "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität" (today the Humboldt University of Berlin). These personalities included Hans Bethe, Albert Einstein, James Franck, Werner Heisenberg, Fritz Houtermans, Max von Laue, Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Planck, Victor Weisskopf, and Eugene Wigner. By 1930, under the influence of such as these, he turned his attention to physics and mathematics. In 1936, he obtained his doctorate at TU Berlin under Nobel Laureate Gustav Hertz, who was also director of the Siemens Research Laboratory II. Barwich then joined Hertz at Siemens. [ Barwich and Barwich "Das rote Atom" (1967) 17.]

Career

Early years

At the Siemens Research Laboratory II, Barwich became deputy to Hertz, who was director of the Laboratory. At that time, Hertz was a pioneer in isotope separation. [ Naimark, 1995, 209.] [ Barwich and Barwich "Das rote Atom" (1967) 17.]

Barwich had political convictions on the Left and was hostile to Nazism. During the 1930s, he maintained secret and illegal contacts with the NKVD of the Soviet Union. [ Maddrell, 2005, 613.]

In the Soviet Union

Manfred von Ardenne, director of his private laboratory "Forschungslaboratoriums für Elektronenphysik", Gustav Hertz, Nobel Laureate and director of Research Laboratory II at Siemens, Peter Adolf Thiessen, ordinarius professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin and director of the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemi und Elektrochemie" (KWIPC) in Belin-Dahlem, and Max Volmer, ordinarius professor and director of the Physical Chemistry Institute at the Berlin Technische Hochschule, had made a pact. The pact was a pledge that whoever first made contact with the Russians would speak for the rest. The objectives of their pact were threefold: (1) Prevent plunder of their institutes, (2) Continue their work with minimal interruption, and (3) Protect themselves from prosecution for any political acts of the past. [Heinemann-Grüder, 2002, 44.] Before the end of World War II, Thiessen, a member of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, had Communist contacts. [ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Thiessen.] On 27 April 1945, Thiessen arrived at von Ardenne’s institute in an armored vehicle with a major of the Soviet Army, who was also a leading Soviet chemist. [Oleynikov, 2000, 5.] All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Hertz was made head of Institute G, in Agudseri (Agudzery), [ Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.] [ Naimark, 1995, 213.] about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip’shi); Volmer was initially assigned to Hertz’s institute. Topics assigned to Gustav Hertz’s Institute G included: (1) Separation of isotopes by diffusion in a flow of inert gases, for which Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, and (3) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Barwich was the leader. [ Oleynikov, 2000, 12-13.] Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A, [ Goals of Manfred von Ardenne’s Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader. In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in building the bomb, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to. By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force. See Oleynikov, 2000, 10-11.] [ Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute. See Oleynikov, 2000, 12.] in Sinop, [ Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.] [ Naimark, 1995, 213.] a suburb of Sukhumi.

In addition to Barwich’s leftist political views, he stated that he was motivated to go to work in the Soviet Union as he was 33 years old, married, had three small children with a fourth on the way, and unemployed. Barwich and his family were flown to Russia on 4 August 1945. [ Barwich and Barwich "Das rote Atom" (1967) 19 and 22.]

Hertz, Barwich, and Yuri A. Krutkov worked on uranium diffusion cascade control theory. Barwich also worked with V. S. Emel’ianov. In 1946, Barwich worked out the theory of natural stability of separation cascades. His results led to a reduction in the number of compressors required and the time needed for enrichment. In October 1948, Gustav Hertz, Peter Adolf Thiessen, and Barwich were sent to a classified location to advise on problems related to the startup of the gaseous diffusion plant D-1. Because of the milk drink "kefir" they were served daily during their lengthy stay, they christened the place "Kieferstadt" ("Kefirstadt"); the location was Verkh-Nejvinskij, and it was known as Sverdlovsk-44 within the Soviet atomic bomb project. [ Augustine, 2007, 12.] [ [http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/756558-nQJpQO/webviewable/756558.PDF DOE/ID/13471] = "Economic Study of Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage and Reprocessing Practices in Russia", p. 69.] [ [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/sverdlovsk-44_nuc.htm Sverdlovsk-44] – Gaseous Diffusion Plant D-1.] [ Oleynikov, 2000, 17 and 20-21.] [ Kruglov, 2002, 132-133 and 154.]

In 1951, after the test of the first Soviet uranium atomic bomb, Hertz, Barwich, and Krutkov were awarded a Stalin Prize, second degree, for their work on gaseous diffusion isotope separation. [ Oleynikov, 2000, 17 and 20. Hertz and Barwich each received 40,000 rubles, and Krutkov got 20,000.] [ Maddrell, 2005, 611.]

In preparation for release from the Soviet Union, it was standard practice to put personnel into quarantine for a few years if they worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project, as was the case for Barwich. Additionally, in 1954, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, German Democratic Republic) and the Soviet Union prepared a list of scientists they wished to keep in the DDR, due to their having worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project; this list was known as the “A-list”. On this A-list were the names of 18 scientists, dominated by members of the Nikolaus Riehl group, which worked at Plant No. 12 in Elektrostal'. Barwich, not a member of Riehl's group, was on the list. [ The A-list prepared by East Germany and the Soviet Union in 1954 had 18 names on it. These Germans were to be encouraged to stay in East Germany, as they had done work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. At least nine members worked in Riehl’s group at Elektrostal’:
*Hans-Joachim Born, Alexander Catsch, Werner Kirst, Przybilla, Nikolaus Riehl, Herbert Thieme, Tobein, Günter Wirths, and Karl Zimmer.
*Schmidt may be may be a tenth Riehl group member Herbert Schmitz, or the name may refer to Fritz Schmidt, another nuclear scientist who was returned to Germany. Others on the list were:
*Heinz Barwich, Justus Mühlenpfordt, and Karl-Franz Zühlke, who all worked at Institute G headed by Gustav Hertz,
*Ingrid Schilling and Alfred Schimohr, who both worked at Institute A headed by Manfred von Ardenne,
*Willi Lange, Gerhard Siewert, and Ludwig Ziehl.See Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.] [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 137-139.] [ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.] [ Barwich and Barwich "Das rote Atom" (1967) 133-180.]

Return to Germany

In April 1955, Barwich arrived in East Germany. For a short time, he was an advisor to the German Academy of Sciences and an ordinarius professor for physics at Halle University. In 1956, he became director of the "Zentralinstitut für Kernforschung" (ZfK, Central Institute for Nuclear Research) and ordinarius professor at the Technische Hochschule Dresden. At the ZfK, Barwich’s main objectives were to build and put into operation the first nuclear reactor of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), which was purchased from the Soviet Union, and to establish a research institute. The reactor went into operation in 1957. In 1959, the former Soviet spy Klaus Fuchs was released from a British prison and was appointed Barwich’s deputy at the ZfK. [ Barwich and Barwich "Das rote Atom" (1967) 179-180.] [ Maddrell, 2005, 614-616.] [ Maddrell, 2006, 251-252.]

Barwich became a member of the atomic energy commission which reported to the Socialist Unity Party Central Committee, a member of the Council for the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, and a member of the GDR Research Council. His scientific contributions were recognized by the GDR’s National Prize, second class. He was also appointed to the Council of Scholars of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, OIYaI) in Dubna, Russia. [ Maddrell, 2005, 614-616.]

In May 1961, Barwich left Dresden to become deputy director of the OIYaI. He thus became the superior of the former Soviet spy Bruno Pontecorvo, who had fled to the Soviet Union in 1950. While Barwich was gone, Fuchs ran the ZfK. In June 1964, Barwich returned to East Germany and resumed the directorship of the ZfK in July. [ Maddrell, 2005, 614-616 and 618.]

On 6 September 1964, just before the first Chinese atomic test, Barwich defected to the West, while at the Third Atoms for Peace Conference in Geneva; he had met many of the Chinese atomic scientists while at Dubna. The same day, his wife, on forged papers, went from East Berlin to West Berlin. In December 1964, he testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. [ Maddrell, 2006, 251-252.] [ Maddrell, 2005, 608-609.]

Barwich is one of few who are known to have provided information to the West from an institution within the Soviet Union. That he was an agent-in-place, is not a revelation of the CIA, rather it comes from an extensively documented [ The MfS file on Barwich is made up of approximately 7,800 pages in 26 volumes; see Reference 1, Maddrell, 2005, 627.] investigation of the GDR’s "Ministerium für Staatssicherheit" (MfS, Ministry of State Security). [ Maddrell, 2005, 608-609.]

Personal

Barwich was married twice. By 1948, while he and his first wife were in the Soviet Union, they were living apart. They divorced in 1955, after he arrived in East Germany. In 1960, he married Elfiede, who was considerably younger than himself and was a Russian language interpreter at the ZfK. He had four children with his first wife, a son and three daughters. [ Maddrell, 2005, 610-611.]

Books

*Heinz Barwich and Brunolf Baase "Die Zukunft gehört dem Sozialismus" (Nationale Front d. Demokrat. Deutschland, Nationalrat, Büro d. Präsidiums, 1957)

*Heinz Barwich, Josef Schintlmeister, and Fritz Thümmler "Das Zentralinstitut für Kernphysik am Beginn seiner Arbeit" (Akademie-Verl., 1958)

*Heinz Barwich and Gustav Hertz "Lehrbuch der Kernphysik. Bd. 3. Angewandte Kernphysik" (Teubner in Verwaltung, 1963)

*Heinz Barwich and Elfi Barwich "Das rote Atom; Als deutscher Wissenschaftler im Geheimkreis der russischen Kernphysik" (Scherz, 1967) (Europ. Buch- u. Phonoklub, 1969) (Fischer-Bücherei, 1970) (Fischer-TB.-Vlg.,Ffm, 1984)

Bibliography

*Augustine, Dolores L. "Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945-1990" (MIT, 2007)

*Heinz Barwich and Elfi Barwich "Das rote Atom; Als deutscher Wissenschaftler im Geheimkreis der russischen Kernphysik" (Scherz, 1967)

*Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas "Keinerlei Untergang: German Armaments Engineers during the Second World War and in the Service of the Victorious Powers" in Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker (editors) "Science, Technology and National Socialism" 30-50 (Cambridge, 2002 paperback edition) ISBN 0-521-528607

*Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) "Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources" (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0

*Kruglov, Arkadii "The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry" (Taylor and Francis, 2002)

*Naimark, Norman M. "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949" (Belknap, 1995)

*Maddrell, Paul "The Scientist Who Came in from the Cold: Heinz Barwich's Flight from the GDR", "Intelligence and National Security" Volume 20, Number 4, 608-630 (2005)

*Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006) ISBN 0-19-926750-2

*Oleynikov, Pavel V. "German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project", "The Nonproliferation Review" Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol07/72/72pavel.pdf (2000)] . The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).

External links

* [http://www.sipt.org.ge/history.htm SIPT] - Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology

Notes