Visperad

Visperad or Visprad is either a particular Zoroastrian religious ceremony, or the name given to a passage collection within the greater Avesta compendium of texts.

The Visperad ceremony "consists of the rituals of the Yasna, virtually unchanged, but with a liturgy extended by twenty-threeref_label|a|a|none supplementary sections."harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=125.] These supplementary sections ("kardag") are then – from a philological perspective – the passages that make up the Visperad collection. The standard abbreviation for "Visperad" chapter-verse pointers is "Vr.", though "Vsp." may also appear in older sources.

The name "Visperad" is a contraction of Avestan "vispe ratavo",ref_label|b|b|none with an ambiguous meaning. Subject to how "ratu" is translated,ref_label|c|c|none "vispe ratavo" may be translated as "(prayer to) all patrons"harvnb|Kellens|1989|p=38.] or "all masters"harvnb|Boyce|2001|p=125.] or the older and today less common "all chiefs."harvnb|Mills|1886|p=335,n.1.] or "all lords."

The Visperad ceremony – in medieval Zoroastrian texts referred to as the "Jesht-i Visperad",harvnb|Boyce|1993|p=795.] that is, "Worship through praise (Yasht) of all the patrons," developedref_label|d|d|none as an "extended service" for celebrating the "gahambar"s,harvnb|Boyce|1993|p=795.] the high Zoroastrian festivals that celebrate six season(al) events. As seasonal ("year cycle") festivals, the "gahambar"s are dedicated to the Amesha Spentas, the divinites that are in tradition identified with specific aspects of creation, and through whom Ahura Mazda realized ("with his thought") creation. These "bounteous immortals" ("amesha spenta"s) are the "all patrons" – the "vispe ratavo" – who apportion the bounty of creation. However, the Visperad ceremony itself is dedicated to Ahura Mazda, the "ratūm berezem" "high Master."harvnb|Boyce|1993|p=795.]

The "Visperad" collection has no unity of its own, and is never recited separately from the Yasna. During a recital of the Visperad ceremony, the "Visperad" sections is not recited "en bloc" but are instead interleaved into the Yasna recital.harvnb|Stausberg|2004|p=336.] The "Visperad" itself exalts several texts of the "Yasna" collection, including the "Ahuna Vairya" and the "Airyaman ishya" , the "Gathas", and the "Yasna Haptanghaiti" ("Visperad" 13-16, 18-21, 23-24harvnb|Stausberg|2002|p=86.] ) Unlike in a regular "Yasna" recital, the "Yasna Haptanghaiti" is recited a second time between the 4th and 5th Gatha (the first time between the 1st and 2nd as in a standard "Yasna"). This second recitation is performed by the assistant priest (the "raspi"), and is often slower and more melodious.harvnb|Stausberg|2004|p=336.] In contrast to "barsom" bundle of a regular Yasna, which has 21 rods ("tae"), the one used in a Visperad service has 35 rods.

The Visperad is only performed in the "Havan Gah" – between sunrise and noon – on the six "gahambar" days.harvnb|Boyce|1993|p=795.]

Amongst Iranian Zoroastrians, for whom the seasonal festivals have a greater significance than for their Indian co-religionists, the Visperad ceremony has undergone significant modifications in the 20th century.harvnb|Stausberg|2004|pp=336-337.] The ritual – which is technically an "inner" one requiring ritual purity – is instead celebrated as an "outer" ritual where ritual purity is not a requirement. Often there is only one priest instead of the two that are actually required, and the priests sit at a table with only a lamp or candle representing the fire, so avoiding accusations of "fire worship."ref_label|e|e|noneharvnb|Stausberg|2004|p=337.]

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References

Bibliography

* (fasc., 1979, Berlin: de Gruyter)
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Further reading

Geldner's transliteration and Mills' translation of the [http://www.avesta.org/visperad/vr_tc.htm Visperad] at avesta.org