- Zemarchus
Zemarchus (fl. c.
568 ) was a Byzantinegeneral and traveller.The Turks, by their conquest of
Sogdiana in the middle of the6th century , gained control of thesilk trade which then passed throughCentral Asia into Persia. But the Persian king,Chosroes Nushirvan , dreading the intrusion of Turkish influence, refused to allow the old commerce to continue, and the Turks after many rebuffs consented to a suggestion made by their mercantile subjects of the Soghd, and in 568 sent an embassy toConstantinople to form an alliance with the Byzantines and transfer the sale of silk to them. The offer was accepted byJustin II , and in August 568, Zemarchus theCilicia n, General of the cities of the East, left Byzantium for Sogdiana.The embassy was under the guidance of
Maniakh , chief of the people of Sogdiana, who had first, according toMenander Protector , suggested to Dizabul Istämi (Dizaboulos , the Bu Mm k/ian of the Turks, the Mokan of the Chinese), the great khan of the Turks, this Roman alliance, and had himself come to Byzantium to negotiate the same. On reaching the Sogdian territories the travellers were offerediron for sale, and solemnly exorcised; Zemarchus was made to pass through the fire (i.e. between two fires), and strange ceremonies were performed over the baggage of the expedition, a bell being rung and a drum beaten over it, while flaming incense-leaves were carried round it, and incantations muttered in Scythian.After these precautions the envoys proceeded to the camp of Dizabul (or rather of Dizabul's successor, Bu Mm khan having just died) in a hollow encompassed by the
Golden Mountain , apparently in some locality of theAltay Mountains . They found the khan surrounded by astonishing barbaric pomp - gilded thrones, golden peacocks, gold and silver plate and silver animals, hangings and clothing of figured silk. They accompanied him some way on his march against Persia, passing through Talas orTurkestan in theSyr Daria valley, whereHsuan Tsang , on his way from China to India sixty years later, met with another of Dizabul's successors.Zemarchus was present at a banquet in Talas I where the Turkish kagan and the Persian envoy exchanged abuse; but the Byzantine does not seem to have witnessed actual fighting. Near the river Okh (possibly
Syr Darya ) he was sent back to Constantinople with a Turkish embassy and with envoys from various tribes subject to the Turks. Halting by the vast, wide lagoon (possibly, theAral Sea ), Zemarchus sent off an express messenger, one George, to announce his return to the emperor. George hurried on by the shortest route, desert and waterless, apparently the steppes north of theBlack Sea , while his superior, moving more slowly, marched twelve days by the sandy shores of the lagoon; crossed theEmba , Ural,Volga , andKuban (where 4000 Persians vainly lay in ambush to stop him); and passing round the western end of theCaucasus , arrived safely atTrebizond and Constantinople.For several years this Turkish alliance subsisted, while close intercourse was maintained between Central Asia and Byzantium; when another Roman envoy, one Valentinos (OiaXEvTIvos), goes on his embassy in 575 he takes back with him 106 Turks who had been visiting Byzantine lands; but from 579 this friendship rapidly began to cool. It is curious that all this travel between the Bosporus and
Transoxiana seems not to have done anything to correct, at least in literature, the widespread misapprehension of theCaspian Sea as a gulf of theArctic Ocean .References
*
Menander Protector , "H~pl flpse~9iwv Pwuaiwp lrpi~r ~EOv,?" ("De Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes"), pp. 295-302, 380-85, 397404, Bonn edition (xix,), 1828 (=pp. 806u, 88387, 899907, in Migne, "Patrolog. Graec.", vol. cxiii., Paris, 1864)
*Henry Yule , "Cathay", clx-clxvi. (London, Hakluyt Society, 1866)
*Léon Cahun , "Introduction a l'histoire de l'Asie", pp. 108-18 (Paris, 1896)
*C. R. Beazley , "Dawn of Modern Geography", i. 186-89 (London, 1897).*1911
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.