Personalism

Personalism is the school of thought that consists of three main principles, and which can broadly be qualified as species of Humanism :
# Only persons are real (in the ontological sense),
# Only persons have value, and
# Only persons have free will.

Emmanuel Mounier's Personalism

In France, philosopher Emmanuel Mounier (1905-1950) was the leading proponent of Personalism, around which he founded the review "L'Esprit", which continues to exist to this day. Under Jean-Marie Domenach's direction, it criticized the use of torture during the Algerian War. Personalism was seen as an alternative to both Liberalism and Marxism, which respected human rights and the human personality without indulging in excessive collectivism. Mounier's Personalism had an important influence in France, including in political movements, such as Marc Sangnier's "Ligue de la jeune République" (Young Republic League) founded in 1912.

Famous historian of Fascism Zeev Sternhell has identified personalism with fascism in a very controversial manner, claiming that Mounier's personalism movement "shared ideas and political reflexes with fascism". He argued that Mounier's "revolt against individualism and materialism" would have led him to share the ideology of fascism [Zeev Sternhell, "Sur le fascisme et sa variante française", in "Le Débat" , November 1984, "Emmanuel Mounier et la contestation de la démocratie libérale dans la France des années 30", in "Revue française de science politique", December 1984, and also John Hellman's book, on which he takes a lot of his sources, "Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930-1950" (University of Torento Press, 1981). See also Denis de Rougemont, Mme Mounier et Jean-Marie Domenach dans "Le personnalisme d’Emmanuel Mounier hier et demain", Seuil, Paris, 1985.] .

Borden Bowne's Personalism

Personalism flourished in the early 20th century at Boston University in a movement known as Boston Personalism and led by theologian Borden Parker Bowne. Bowne emphasized the person as the fundamental category for explaining reality and asserted that only persons are real. He stood in opposition to certain forms of materialism which would describe persons as mere particles of matter. For example, against the argument that persons are insignificant specks of dust in the vast universe, Bowne would say that it is impossible for the entire universe to exist apart from a person to experience it. Ontologically speaking, the person is “larger” than the universe because the universe is but one small aspect of the person who experiences it. Personalism affirms the existence of the soul. Most personalists assert that God is real and that God is a person (or as in Christian trinitarianism, three persons, although it is important to note that the meaning of the word 'person' in this context is significantly different from Bowne's usage).

Bowne also held that persons have value (see axiology, value theory, and ethics). In declaring the absolute value of personhood, he stood firmly against certain forms of philosophical naturalism (including the social Darwinism of Herbert Spencer) which sought to reduce the value of persons. He also stood against certain forms of positivism which sought to reduce the importance of God.

Antecedents and influence

Philosopher Immanuel Kant, though not formally considered a personalist, made an important contribution to the personalist cause by declaring that a person is not to be valued merely as a means to the ends of other people, but that he possesses dignity (an absolute inner worth) and is to be valued as an end in himself.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was greatly influenced by personalism in his studies at Boston University. King came to agree with the position that only personality is real. It solidified his understanding of God as a personal God. It also gave him a metaphysical basis for his belief that all human personality has dignity and worth. (see his essay [http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/publications/papers/vol4/580901-002-My_Pilgrimage_to_Nonviolence.htm “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”] )

Pope John Paul II was also influenced by personalism. Before becoming Pope, he wrote "Person and Act" (sometimes mistranslated as "The Acting Person"), a philosophical work suffused with Personalism (ISBN 90-277-0985-8). Though he remained well within the traditional stream of Catholic social and individual morality, his explanation of the origins of moral norms, as expressed in his encyclicals on economics and on sexual morality, for instance, was largely drawn from a Personalist perspective [see Doran, Kevin P. Solidarity: A Synthesis of Personalism and Communalism in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. ISBN 0820430714 ] . His writings as Pope, of course, influenced a generation of Catholic theologians since who have taken up Personalist perspectives on the theology of the family and social order.

Notable Personalists

* Pope Benedict XVI
* Czeslaw Stanislaw Bartnik
* Peter Anthony Bertocci
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Tony Blair
* Borden Parker Bowne
* Thomas Buford
* Edgar S. Brightman
* Dorothy Day
* L. Harold De Wolf
* Ralph Tyler Flewelling
* Bogumil Gacka
* Luigi Giussani
* Georgia Harkness
* Václav Havel
* Louis Janssens
* Pope John Paul II
* Martin Luther King, Jr.
* Albert C. Knudson
* Edvard Kocbek
* Erazim Kohak
* Milan Komar
* Gabriel Marcel
* Jacques Maritain
* Peter Maurin
* Emmanuel Mounier
* Walter George Muelder
* A.J. Muste
* Ngo Dinh Nhu
* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Boris Pahor
* Jan Patočka
* Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
* Charles Renouvier
* Carol Sue Robb
* Pierre Trudeau
* William Stern
* Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross)
* F.C.S. Schiller (Pragmatist philosopher)
* Frank O'Hara (Poet, compare to "Personism: A Manifesto")

Notes

See also

*
*Francisco Rolão Preto, leader of the National Syndicalists (Portugal)
*Charles Liebman on Jewish personalism
*"The Personalist" - a journal dedicated to personalism from about 1920-1979, now the "Pacific Philosophical Quarterly".

External links

* [http://www.cjd.org/paper/roots/remman.html Emmanuel Mounier and Personalism]
* [http://www.philosophy.ucf.edu/pers.html Overview and history of personalism]
* [http://www.personalism.pl Personalism Magazine (Lublin, Poland)]
* [http://www.acton.org/research/pubs/papers/history_personalism.html History of Personalism (Acton Institute)]