Gymnosphaerid

Taxobox
color = khaki
name = Gymnosphaerids
domain = Eukaryota
unranked_phylum = Rhizaria
phylum = Cercozoa?
classis = Proteomyxidea?
ordo = Gymnosphaerida
ordo_authority = Poche, 1913
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "Gymnosphaera elbida"
"Hedraiophrys hovassei"
"Actinocoryne contractilis"The gymnosphaerids are a small group of heliozoan protists found in marine environments. They tend to be roughly spherical with radially directed axopods, supported by microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array arising from an amorphous central granule. There are only three genera, each with a single species: "Gymnosphaera albida", "Hedraiophrys hovassei", and "Actinocoryne contractilis".

:"Gymnosphaera albida" is free-living, usually benthic in shallow water. The cells are round and naked, around 70-100 μm in diameter, and resemble the unrelated "Actinosphaerium". The outer cytoplasm, or ectoplasm, forms a distinct layer containing large vesicles.

:"Hedraiophrys hovassei" is larger and lives attached to algae and other objects. The cells have a conical base, and are covered with long siliceous spicules. The ectoplasm is distinct and frothy, and typically contains bacterial and algal endosymbionts.

:"Actinocoryne contractilis" is benthic. When feeding, it has a multinucleate base and a contractile stalk up to 150 μm in length, supporting a relatively small uninucleate head, where the central granule and axopods are located. It may move about in a headless amoeboid form. Reproduction is either by budding off the head or fragmentation of the headless form, producing small free-living cells similar to "Gymnosphaera", which then attach themselves and regrow the stalk and base.

Gymnosphaerids were originally considered centrohelids, which also have microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array, but are set apart from the others by the structure of the central granule and the mitochondria, which have tubular cristae. The two groups have been treated as separate orders (Axoplasthelida and Centroplasthelida) in a common class, but this has lost support. Instead the gymnosphaerids may be allied with the desmothoracids, and on account of this have been placed in the Cercozoa, but this is somewhat tentative.