Gilbert Livingston Wilson

Gilbert Livingston Wilson (1869 – 1930) was an ethnographer and a Presbyterian minister. He and his brother recorded the lives of three Hidatsa family members; Buffalo-Bird-Woman, her brother Henry Wolf Chief, and her son Edward Goodbird. Wlison’s extensive and detailed writings remain an important source of information for historians, anthropologists, as well as the Hidatsa people. [Woolworth 1987]

Life and work

Gilbert Wilson was born in Springfield, Ohio, in 1869. He earned a bachelors degree from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1899 after graduating from Wittenberg College, and was ordained a Presbyterian minister in Moorhead, Minnesota. He then returned to Wittenberg and earned a master’s degree. In 1902, he became a pastor in Mandan, North Dakota. Wilson was excited to live near Native Americans, as he enjoyed studying Indian life and folklore, and aspired to write sympathetic children’s books which accurately depicted Indian life and customs. [Woolworth 1987] Wilson married Ada Myers of Springfield in 1909 and had one child, who died suddenly in early adulthood. Later in life, Wilson was both a pastor in Stillwater, Minnesota, as well as a professor of anthropology at Macalester College in Saint Paul, where he also served as pastor [Woolworth 1987] .

Wilson’s career as an ethnographer began when he visited the Sioux at Standing Rock Reservation in 1905. Two books came out of this early work; The "Iktomi Myth" (1906) and "Indian Hero Tales" (1907). The next year, Gilbert and his brother Frederick would visit the elderly Hidatsa woman, Buffalo-Bird-Woman, at Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. This began in earnest Wilson’s careful documentation of Hidatsa life. In following years, he would include other family members of Buffalo-Bird-Woman in his scholarship, most prominently her brother Henry Wolf Chief and her son Edward Goodbird. Wilson was also adopted into the Prairie Chicken Clan as a son to Buffalo-Bird-Woman and a brother to Edward in 1909. [Schneider 1985; Woolworth 1987]

Among the many published works (some posthumously) that came out of this relationship, were the ethnographic works; "Agriculture of the Hidatsa: An Indian Interpretation" (1917), "The Horse and Dog in Hidatsa Culture" (1924), "Hidatsa Eagle Trapping" (1929), "The Hidatsa Earthlodge" (1934) and the children’s books; "Myths of the Red Children" (1907) and "Indian Hero Tales" (1916). He also published Buffalo-Bird-Woman’s and Goodbird’s autobiography in "Waheene: an Indian Girl’s Story, Told by Herself" [Maxidiwiac 1921] and "Goodbird, the Indian". [Goodbird 1914]

Early in Wilson’s work at Fort Berthold, he generated great controversy when he bought the Waterbuster clan medicine bundle from Wolf Chief, who converted to Christianity and was wary of shouldering the responsibility of bundle ownership. [Gilman & Schneider Ed. 1987] Wilson then sold the bundle to a wealthy New York collector, which angered many Hidatsa, especially those from the Waterbuster clan, as well as the curator of the State Historical Society of North Dakota who tried to bar Wilson from the reservation. However, Wilson’s adopted family however supported him and allowed him to continue his research, [Gilman & Schneider Ed. 1987; Schneider 1985; Woolworth 1987]

As a student of Alfred Jenks, Wilson became a doctoral candidate in anthropology at the University of Minnesota in 1910. He received his degree in 1916 with his dissertation, "Agriculture of the Hidatsa: An Indian Interpretation", [Wilson 1917] This work is a classic of northern Plains ethnography, and is still used by scholars today to gain insights into traditional Hidatsa farming practices.

Wilson died on June 8, 1930, and his wife donated his works to the Minnesota Historical Society.

Legacy

" [Hidatsa Eagle Trapping is] one of the finest masterpieces in all anthropological literature." -Claude Levi-Strauss [Levi-Strauss 1979, p. 288, as cited in Woolworth 1987]

“Among the Hidatsa I was taken down another peg. The Reverend Gilbert L. Wilson was neither particularly cultivated nor in any sense intellectual, but he was a superb observer. In the recording of ethnographic detail…I, the trained ethnologist, could not begin to compete with him.” -Robert Lowie [Lowie 1959, p. 104.]

“The Wilson collections of Hidatsa Indian ethnographic materials… are unusual among U.S. museum collections for Plains Indian tribes in terms of size, comprehensiveness, and documentation.” [Woolworth 1987]

As is demonstrated by the above quotes, Gilbert Wilson was an astute observer, sensitive and talented writer, as well as a thorough and indefatigable researcher. His research used what was then considered state of the art methods, such as comprehensive notes and material samples, extensive photography and scetches, along with sound recordings on wax cylinders, and he was also one of the earliest practitioners of biographical anthropology with American Indians, although this is largely overlooked. [Woolworth 1987] According to Claude Levi-Strauss, Wilson “had the inspired idea of letting his informants talk freely, and of respecting the harmonious and spontaneous fusion, in their stories, anecdotes, and meditation..." [Levi-Strauss 1979:288 as cited in Woolworth 1987]

Beyond practicing relatively enlightened and sensitive anthropology, Wilson also left an enormous record of published writings, notes, photos, and letters. This has been a boon to historians, archaeologists and other anthropologists interested in past cultures, as well as the Hidatsa people themselves, who after more than a century of systematic assimilation, can have a material record to compliment what still exists in their collective oral literature. [Baker 1987; Wood 1987]

elected Publications

1903 "Little Ugly Boy and the Bear; and, The Rainbow Snake." Mandan, ND.

1904 Indian Legends. "Woman’s Home Companion" 31: 47-48

1906 The Iktomi Myth. "Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota" 1: 474-475

1907 "Myths of the Red Children." Illus. Frederick N. Wilson. Ginn & Co. Boston, MA.

1916 "Indian Hero Tales." Illus. Frederick N. Wilson. American Book Co. New York, NY.

1917 "Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation." Sturies in the Social Sciences, No. 9. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

1924 The Horse and Dog in Hidatsa Culture. "Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History" 15: 125-311.

1926 Hidatsa Eagle Trapping. "Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History" 30: 99-245.

1934 The Hidatsa Earthlodge. Ed. Bella Weitzner. "Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History" 33: 341-420.

References

* Baker, Gerard. 1987. The Hidatsa Religious Experience. In "The Way to Independence". Ed. Carolyn Gilman & Mary Jane Schneider. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN.
* Gilman, Carolyn & Mary Jane Schneider. 1987. Wolf Chief Sells the Shrine. In "The Way to Independence". Ed. Carolyn Gilman & Mary Jane Schneider. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN.
* Goodbird, Edward. 1914. "Goodbird the Indian: His Story, Told by Himself to Gilbert L. Wilson". Illus. Frederick N. Wilson. Fleming H. Revell, New York, NY. Reprint Minnesota Historical Society Press, St. Paul, MN. 1985.
* Lowie, Robert, H. 1959. "Robert H. Lowie: Ethnologist: A Personal Record". University of California Press, Berkley, CA.
* Maxidiwiac. 1921. "Waheenee: An Indian Girl’s Story: Told by Herself to Gilbert L. Wilson, Ph.D." Illus. Frederick N. Wilson. Webb Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN.
* Schneider, Mary Jane. 1985. Introduction. In "Goodbird the Indian: His Story, Told by Himself to Gilbert L. Wilson". Illus. Frederick N. Wilson. Fleming H. Revell, New York, NY. Reprint Minnesota Historical Society Press, St. Paul, MN. 1985.
* Woolworth, Alan, R. 1987. Contributions of the Wilsons to the Study of the Hidatsa. In "The Way to Independence". Ed. Carolyn Gilman & Mary Jane Schneider. Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.nd.gov/hist/ State Historical Society of North Dakota]
* [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00535.html Minnesota State Historical Society Inventory of G.L. and F.N. Wilson’s Papers.]
* [http://www1.umn.edu/twincities/index.php University of Minnesota, Twin Cities]