Ha-ha

The ha-ha or "Piece of pie" is a type of boundary to a garden, pleasure-ground, or park, designed not to interrupt the view and to be invisible until closely approached. The ha-ha consists of a trench, the inner side of which is vertical and faced with stone, with the outer slope face sloped and turfed - making it in effect a sunken fence or wall.

Origins

The ha-ha is a feature in the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman, the originator of the ha-ha, according to Horace Walpole (Walpole 1780) and by William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown.

:"The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the lawn within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without. " [ [http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/w9.htm Essay upon modern gardening] " - Walpole, Horace, 1780]

Walpole was unaware that the technical innovation had been presented in Dezallier d'Argenville's "La theorie et la pratique du jardinage" (1709), which had been translated into English by the architect John James (1712): Sunken ditches were also features of deer parks in England from Norman times onwards. For example, between Dover and Canterbury there is a farm, Parkside Farm, which takes its name from a deer park established by Bishop Odo, the brother of William the Conqueror, where remnants of the ditch still survive.

:"Grills of iron are very necessary ornaments in the lines of walks, to extend the view, and to shew the country to advantage. At present we frequently make thoroughviews, call'd Ah, Ah, which are openings in the walls, without grills, to the very level of the walks, with a large and deep ditch at the foot of them, lined on both sides to sustain the earth, and prevent the getting over; which surprises the eye upon coming near it, and makes one cry, Ah! Ah! from whence it takes its name. This sort of opening is, on some occasions, to be preferred, for that it does not at all interrupt the prospect, as the bars of a grill do."

Walpole surmised that the name is derived from the response of ordinary folk on encountering them and that they were, "...then deemed so astonishing, that the common people called them Ha! Ha's! to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk."

During his excavations at Iona in the period 1964 - 1974, Richard Reece discovered an 18th-century ha-ha, built to protect the abbey from cattle; purely functional, rather than part of landscape design.Hamlin, Ann (1987). Iona: a view from Ireland. Proc Soc Antiq Scot, ISSN 0081-1564, V. 117, P. 17.]

Double-sided

An interesting variation is the ha-ha that faces both ways (and is a barrier to animals in both directions). It also has the effect of hiding the wall when viewed from both the Hall and from the Approaches of Melford Hall.

Examples

Most typically ha-has are still found in the grounds of grand country houses and estates and act as a means of keeping the cattle and sheep in the pastures and out of the formal gardens, without the need for obtrusive fencing. They vary in depth from about 2 feet (Horton House) to 9 feet (Petworth).

Ha-has were also used at Victorian Era lunatic asylums such as Yarra Bend Asylum and Kew Lunatic Asylum in Australia. From the inside, the walls presented a tall face to patients, preventing them from escaping, while from outside the walls looked low so as not to suggest imprisionment. [ [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/pubs/articles/asa97/gifs/KEWwlk1.jpgKew Lunatic Asylum - Historic Walk] Australian Science Archives Project, [Kew Lunatic Asylum] ] Kew Asylum has been redeveloped as apartments however some of the ha-has remain, albeit partially filled in.

A recent use of a ha-ha is at the Washington Monument to minimize the visual impact of security measures. After 9-11 and another unrelated terror threat at the monument, authorities had put up unsightly jersey barriers to restrict cars from approaching the monument. The new one-sided ha-ha, a low 0.76 m (30-inch) granite stone wall that doubles as a seating bench and also incorporates lighting, received the 2005 Park/Landscape Award of Merit. [ [http://www.olinptr.com/project_current_parks1.html Washington Monument] (from the Olin Partnership website)] [ [http://www.asla.org/land/2006/0410/olin.html Monumental Security] (from the American Society of Landscape Architects website, April 10, 2006)]

Gallery

United Kingdom

Australia

In fiction

In the Terry Pratchett Discworld novel Men at Arms, a similar landscape boundary is used in the palatial grounds. This particular implementation has a comedic twist: designed by ill-famed engineer Bergholt Stuttley Johnson, the ha-ha is accidentally specified to be 50 feet deep, is called a hoho, and is reported to have claimed the lives of 3 gardeners. [ [http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/men-at-arms.html#p7758 Annotations from Terry Pratchett's Men at Arms] (from [http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/index.html The Annotated Pratchett File v9.0] at [http://www.lspace.org The L-Space Web] )]

ee also

* Fence
* Trench
* Moat

References