Vicente Lombardo Toledano

Vicente Lombardo Toledano (July 16, 1894 – November 16, 1968) was one of the foremost Mexican labor leaders of the 20th century. He founded the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the national labor federation most closely associated with the ruling party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), for most of the last sixty-five years of that century. Purged from the union after World War II, he co-founded, along with Narciso Bassols,cite book|title=Mexico: Biography of Power : a History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996 |first=Enrique |last=Krauze |coauthor=Hank Heifetz |year=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0060929170 |pages=502,593] the political party, "Partido Popular", later known as the Partido Popular Socialista.

Early career

Lombardo Toledano was born in Teziutlán, Puebla, to middle-class parents. While pursuing a law degree and a master's degree in philosophy and letters, he began teaching at the Popular University and at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), where he was a member of an informal group known as "los siete sabios" (the seven sages). While teaching there he helped organize a teachers' union.

That was his avenue in 1923 to enter the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, or "CROM", the largest and most powerful union confederation of the day and a key supporter of the regimes of Plutarco Elías Calles and Álvaro Obregón. Lombardo Toledano served as the house intellectual for CROM, not benefiting directly from its corruption, but acquiring access to power instead. Lombardo Toledano served as interim Governor of Puebla from 1923 to 1924 and as a congressional deputy from 1925 to 1928.

CROM lost most of its influence in 1928, after a right-wing Roman Catholic associated with the "Cristero movement" assassinated Obregón. While neither CROM nor its leader, Luis Morones, had any connection to the crime, Calles considered Morones the intellectual author of the crime because he had denounced Obregón's plans to amend the constitution to allow him to serve another term as President of Mexico. Obregón's successor, Emilio Portes Gil. fired CROM officials from their government posts and transferred its support to rival union groups, such as the Confederación General de Trabajadores (CGT), a nominally anarchist group, and the Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México, a group associated with the Mexican Communist Party (PCM).

Lombardo Toledano left CROM in 1932 and aligned himself with the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, the precursor to the PRI and a rival to the Partido Laboral associated with CROM. He formed a "Purified CROM", which terminated its connection with the Partido Laboral, in 1933.

Formation of the CTM and alliance with Cárdenas

Outside the CROM, Lombardo Toledano began to build a rival federation that combined his "purified" CROM with other labor groups, Among the first with whom he allied was the Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores del Distrito Federal, a union that included among its members not only low-wage workers, but professionals, strikebreakers, some street vendors and other members of the informal economy. Fidel Velázquez Sánchez was one of "los cinco lobitos", or five wolf cubs, who led the CSTDF.

With Velázquez's group and the CGT Lombardo Toledano formed a new federation, the Confederación General de Obreros y Campesinos de México (CGOCM). That group subsequently transformed itself into the CTM in 1936.

The CTM had a strong relationship with the government of Lázaro Cárdenas del Río from its creation. While Lombardo Toledano had opposed Cárdenas' candidacy in 1934, the CTM was the chief beneficiary of Cárdenas' need for labor support for his government, after the employers of Monterrey, Nuevo León, called an employers' strike on February 5, 1936. Cárdenas led a demonstration in Monterrey in which he called for unification of the various labor organizations into one national body associated with the PRI, then named the Partido Revolucionario Mexicano.

The political crisis deepened when Calles launched a series of verbal attacks on Cárdenas that amounted to a call for his overthrow. The "Purified" CROM, the CSTDF, other labor bodies and the PCM rallied to defend Cárdenas. With their support Cárdenas had Calles and Morones arrested and deported that year.

The CTM was formed shortly thereafter, absorbing the major petroleum workers and railroad workers unions. It also had the support of the Partido Comunista de México and the industrial unions it had founded. Those unions nearly walked out of the CTM twice in its early years, however— the first time at the founding convention of the CTM in 1936, when Lombardo Toledano chose Velázquez, rather than the individual from their wing who had been promised the position, as organizational secretary of the new organization and a second time the following year. In both cases, however, the unions returned under orders to accept unity at any cost as part of the party's Popular Front policy.

Lombardo Toledano was never, as far as it is possible to determine, a member of the PCM. He had, however, even stronger support from the Soviet Union during the Popular Front era than the nominal leaders of the PCM. Following the policy of that era, he and the CTM supported the Cárdenas administration enthusiastically, intervening to moderate union demands during the railroad and electrical workers' strikes in 1936 and the petroleum workers' strike in 1937. Lombardo Toledano and the CTM were vocal supporters for Cárdenas' nationalization of the oil industry in 1938.

Lombardo Toledano also formed the Confederación de Trabajadores de América Latina in 1938. John L. Lewis from the Congress of Industrial Organizations attended its founding; the U.S. American Federation of Labor boycotted it.

Fall from power

Cárdenas' successor, Manuel Ávila Camacho, had been a protégé of Cárdenas, but was more conservative. He engineered Velázquez's appointment as head of the CTM when Lombardo Toledano did not stand for reelection in 1941. Lombardo Toledano remained influential in CTM, pursuing a course of support for the war effort and opposition to strikes when Mexico entered the war against Hitler.

Lombardo Toledano soon fell out, however, with the CTM and the government. Although the CTM had (along with the CGT, CROM and the electrical workers union) formally aligned with the PRI in 1938, Lombardo Toledano concluded that the PRI, now led by Miguel Alemán Valdés, was too conservative and formed his own party, the Partido Popular, to run against it. The Partido Popular never achieved more than fringe party status; it was renamed the Partido Popular Socialista in 1960.

The CTM refused, however, to support Lombardo Toledano's new party. Velázquez formally expelled Lombardo Toledano from the CTM in 1948. Lombardo Toledano left the union, but only after delivering a bitter denunciation of those who had brought about his downfall. He also referred to himself in the first person ("yo") sixty-four times in that speech — a fact noted by some newspapers, which proceeded to nickname him the "Yo-yo Champion".

Lombardo Toledano launched two publications, a magazine called "América Latina" and a daily called "El Popular", while continuing to publish books, pamphlets and newspaper articles. He also founded the Workers' University in 1936, which he headed until his death.

External references

* [http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/jtuck/jttoledano.html Short biography of Lombado Toledano]

References

Further reading

* La Botz, Dan, "The Crisis in Mexican Labor", New York: Praeger, 1988. ISBN 0-275-92600-1