Aeritalia F-104S

Infobox Aircraft
name= F-104S Starfighter


caption=F-104S ASA in low-visibility colour scheme flying over the Alps, c.1980
type=Interceptor aircraft
manufacturer=Aeritalia
designer=Lockheed
first flight= 22 December 1966
introduced= 1969
retired=2004
status=
primary user=Italian Air Force
more users= Turkish Air Force
produced=
number built=246
unit cost=
developed from = F-104 Starfighter
variants with their own articles= The Aeritalia F-104S Starfighter was a licensed production Italian version of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter which served in the Italian Air Force (AMI, Aeronautica Militare Italiana), and was the AMI's mainstay from the late 1960s until the beginning of the 21st Century. The F-104S also served in the Turkish Air Force until the mid-1990s. The F-104S was the final development of the Starfighter line.

Derived from Lockheed's design studies on a "Super Starfighter", the F-104S was one of the most capable of the F-104 series, and destined to be the last in service worldwide. The F-104S was retired from service in 2004.

Design and development

The F-104 series had entered a second development phase with the F-104G. While the USAF had no more interest in the F-104, Lockheed proposed the Model CL-901 featuring the new J79-GE-19 engine and the Sparrow III missiles; "G" denoted "Germany," the lead country for this version, while "S" indicated the improved "Sparrow" version.Niccoli 2005, p. 4.] Further proposed developments included the CL-958 with larger wings, the CL-981 with retractable canard wings behind the cockpit, and the CL-984 optimised for low-level strike missions. An RF-104G was modified and flew in December 1966 as the prototype CL-901 "Super Starfighter." Externally, the new type had slightly larger air intakes and steel inlet guide vanes that allowed an increase in operating temperature from 121°C to 175°C, enabling a maximum speed of Mach 2.2.

During the first five years in Italian service, 24 F-104G aircraft were lost; and as only 80 to 90 F-104s (of 149 acquired) were operational at best, it was decided to purchase a new interceptor and fighter-bomber to reinforce the first line units.

The AMI mid-1960s "AW-X" (All-Weather-X aircraft) requirement for a new all-weather fighter aircraft led to an evaluation of many available types: the McDonnell Douglas F-4B/C Phantom, Mirage IIIC-1, BAC Lightning and North American F-100S Super Sabre among others. The eventual choice was the Lockheed CL-980 (a simplified version with the same wings of the projected Model CL-901). On 26 January 1966 the AMI chose the definitive F-104S as their future fighter. The first F-104S was actually a modified Fiat-built F-104G, "MM6658", that acted as an aerodynamic prototype and first flew on 22 December 1966, while a second prototype, "MM6660", fitted with new avionics systems closer to the final configuration, flew on 28 February 1967. [ Pace 1992, p. 88.] "MM.6701", the first production F-104S built by Aeritalia flew on 30 December 1968. The F-104S was designed to carry AIM-7 Sparrow missiles (while deleting the Vulcan gun). In the attack role, the F-104S had nine hardpoints, and could carry up to seven 227 or 340 kg bombs; an improvement over the F-104G which could hold only half that payload on five hardpoints, two of which were needed for auxiliary tanks. Theoretically an F-104S could be equipped with four or five bombs, two tanks and two AIM-9s, becoming a dual-role aircraft.

The new type entered service in 1969; [ [http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/SitoAM/Default.asp?idsez=6&idarg=8&idente=122 F-104 ASA-M, Il Portale dell'Aeronautica Militare Italiana (in Italian)] Access date: 6 October 2007.] and in that year, the F-104S accumulated 460 flying hours.

The AMI bought 205 examples, all delivered from 1969 to 1979, Michell 1994, p. 118.] with the 100th aircraft delivered in January 1973, and the 200th in May 1976. The model was built in two versions; as an interceptor armed with AIM-7 Sparrow missiles (the M61 Vulcan being removed); and as a fighter bomber, with the gun retained and bombs and other air-to-surface ordnance. The models were interchangeable, making it unclear how many were built or rebuilt to these specifications.

Operational history

Italian service

AMI squadrons equipped with the F-104G and S versions were: 9, 10, 12, 18 (dual), 20 (training), 21, 22, 23, 28, 102 (reconnaissance), 154, 155, and 156 (bombers). The J79-GE-19 allowed a faster climb, comparable with contemporary fighters (up to convert|277|m|ft|0 per second, with a time-to-climb convert|10600|m|ft|0 of 80 seconds claimed; ten seconds less than the F-104G), with the capability of reaching Mach 2 at convert|12000|m|ft|-1 in around five minutes.

Napoleone Bragagnolo, a test pilot for Aeritalia, was able to land at Ciampino, Rome, 19 minutes and 30 seconds after taking off from Turin. During this flight with two wingtip auxiliary tanks, he climbed convert|15|km|ft|0 and accelerated to Mach 2. The aircraft still had convert|1300|l|abbr=on of fuel onboard when it landed; enough to reach Palermo at subsonic speeds. The average speed for the flight was Mach 1.5.Even with these new Starfighters, the loss rate remained high, with peaks in 1973 and 1975 (ten F-104s of all versions were lost in AMI service during this period). Up to 1997, Italy had lost 137 (38%) of its F-104s in 928,000 flying hours (14.7 aircraft every 100,000 hours). Despite a drop in the loss rate in the 1980s (with 33 losses between 1981 and 1990 included), the debate about the reliability of this aircraft was often fierce in the mass media. In the 1980s the loss rate dropped, even more so in the 1990s, when all the old versions (except TF-104s) were scrapped.The last Italian F-104 was decommissioned in 2004, after the type had flown around a million flying hours in a total of over 40 years of service.

Turkish service

Turkey was the only other customer for the Aeritalia F-104S. The initial order was placed in 1974, with the first of 18 examples entering service by December 1974. These first aircraft were a gift from Libya; the reward for Turkish technical assistance to improve the capabilities of the Libyan Air Force. Fricker and Jackson 1996, p. 98.] Another 18 were ordered in May 1975, which eventually increased to 40 aircraft. They served with 142 and 182 Filo from the 1970s, and around a dozen were still in service until the mid-1990s. While 200 Selenia AIM-7 missiles were delivered, Turkish F-104Ss were seldom seen carrying them.

Mid-life updates

Two further update programs were carried out prior to the introduction into AMI service of the Eurofighter Typhoon, resulting in the F-104S-ASA and F-104S-ASA/M.

F-104S-ASA

The F-104ASA (Aggiornamento Sistemi d'Arma), developed in 1986, introduced a Fiar Setter radar, with 'look-down' capability and compatibility with the Selenia Aspide missile. AIM-9Ls were then used as the main armament, replacing the previous "B" and "F" version of this missile, while the older AIM-7s were retained. One AIM-7 was usually carried under each wing. In total, 147 of the F-104S airframes were converted to ASA standard at an expense of around 600 billion lire, the last ASA model was delivered in the early 1990s.

F-104S-ASA/M

The ASA/M upgrade ( initially known as the 'ECO' (Estensione Capacità Operative) upgrade) focused on improving reliability rather than combat enhancements, and involved 49 ASA aircraft. 15 TF-104Gs were also involved in this program .

Variants

;F-104S (Lockheed Model CL-901): 246 aircraft produced mainly by Fiat and Aeritalia (one aircraft was lost before delivery), upgraded for the interception role having NASARR R-21G/H radar with moving target indicator and continuous wave illuminator for SARH missiles (initially AIM-7 Sparrow), two additional wing and two underbelly hardpoints (to give a total of nine), uprated J79-GE-19 engine with 11,870 lbf (52.8 kN) thrust (17,900 lbf (79.6 kN) with afterburner), and two additional ventral fins for increased stability at high Mach numbers. The M61 cannon was sacrificed to make room for the missile avionics, the cannon was always fitted to fighter-bomber variants. Up to two Sparrow; and two, theoretically four or six, Sidewinder missiles were carried on all the hardpoints except the central (underbelly), or seven 340 kg bombs (normally two-four 227-340 kg). Range was up to 1,250 km with four tanks, ferry range 2,940 km.Sgarlato 2004]

;F-104S-ASA: ("Aggiornamento Sistemi d'Arma" - "Weapon Systems Update") - An upgraded Italian version, with 147 modified from existing airframes, upgraded with Fiat R21G/M1 radar with frequency hopping, look-down/shoot-down capability, new IFF and weapons delivery computer, and provision for AIM-9L all-aspect Sidewinder and Selenia Aspide missiles. Due to the delays of Aspide integration, it was also called the ASA-1 with Sparrows, and ASA-2 when the Aspide became available, and eventually all F-104Ss were upgraded to ASA-2 standard. The fighter-bombers had no substantial improvements in the "ASA" version, and were later modified to interceptor standards (CI) without the M61.

;F-104S-ASA/M: ("Aggiornamento Sistemi d'Arma/Modificato" - "Weapon Systems Update/Modified") - 49 F-104S-ASA and 15 two-seat TF-104G aircraft were upgraded from 1998 to ASA/M standard with GPS, new TACAN and Litton LN-30A2 INS, refurbished airframe, and improved cockpit displays. All strike-related equipment was removed. The last Starfighters in combat service, they were withdrawn in December 2004 and temporarily replaced by the F-16 Fighting Falcon, while awaiting Eurofighter Typhoon deliveries.

Operators

;ITA
*Italian Air Force;TUR
*Turkish Air Force

pecifications (F-104S)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=jet
ref= Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1976-1977Taylor 1976, p.103. ]
crew=1
capacity=
length main=54 ft 9 in
length alt=16.7 m
span main=21 ft 11 in
span alt=6.68 m
height main=13 ft 6 in
height alt=4.11 m
area main=196 ft²
area alt=18.2 m²
empty weight main=14,900 lb
empty weight alt=6,760 kg
loaded weight main=21,690 lb
loaded weight alt=9,840 kg
loaded weight more=("clean" T-O weight)
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=31,000 lb
max takeoff weight alt=14,060 kg
engine (jet)=General Electric J79-GE-19
type of jet=afterburning turbojet
number of jets=1
thrust main= 11,870 lbf
thrust alt=52.8 kN
afterburning thrust main=17,900 lbf
afterburning thrust alt=79.6 kN
max speed main=1,450 mph
max speed alt=1,259 kn, 2,330 km/h, Mach 2.2
max speed more= at 36,000 ft (11,000 m)
cruise speed main=610 mph
cruise speed alt= 530 kn, 981 km/h
cruise speed more= at 36,000 ft (11,000 m)
never exceed speed main=Mach 2.2
never exceed speed alt=
stall speed main=
stall speed alt=
range main=1,815 mi
range alt=1,576 NM, 2,920 km
range more=(Ferry range)
ceiling main=58,000 ft
ceiling alt=17,680 m
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=277 m/s
loading main=
loading alt= 680 kg/m²
thrust/weight=0,78:1 typical
more performance=*Climb to 35,000 ft (10,700 m): 1 min 20 sec
*Climb to 56,000 ft (17,100 m): 2 min 40 sec
*Ballistic zoom: > 90,000 ft (27,400 m)
*Range (with four auxiliary tanks), interceptor: 1,250 km Fact|date=October 2007
*Range lo-lo-lo with 7 x 340 kg bombs: 480 km
*Range hi-lo-hi with 7 x 340 kg M117 bombs: 608 km
*Acceleration to 12,000 m and Mach 2: 5 min
*Max G-load: 6.5
*Turning rate, max and continuous: 13 and 9°/sec
*Takeoff and landing: 830 m and 760 m
guns=20 mm (0.787 in) M61A1 Vulcan cannon with 725 rounds
* Other: External bombs (max. seven) and missiles (max. eight). Hardpoints: ventral for 900 kg, lateral, fuselage: 365 kg, underwing, internal (wet) 450 kg, external 365 kg, wingtips (wet) for 680 kg. AIM-9s could be carried on all except central, AIM-7s on underwing, external. Bombs on all except wingtips, but it was possible to carry napalm bombs. Typical loads: two-four tanks + two/four bombs or one AIM-9 and one AIM-7 (interceptor configuration) or two AIM-9 and seven AIM-7/Aspide (long-range fighter configuration)

ee also

aircontent
related=
* F-104 Starfighter
* Canadair CF-104
similar aircraft=
* English Electric Lightning
* Sukhoi Su-15
lists=
* List of fighter aircraft
* List of F-104 Starfighter operators

References

Notes

Bibliography

* "Aeritalia: Cornerstone of Italian Aerospace." "Air International" Volume 16, No. 2, February 1979.
* Bowman, Martin W. "Lockheed F-104 Starfighter". Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press Ltd., 2000. ISBN 1-86126-314-7.
* Fricker, John and Jackson, Paul. "Lockheed F-104 Starfighter". "Wings of Fame". Volume 2 1996. London: Aerospace Publishing, p. 38 - 99. ISBN 1-874023-69-7.
* Gianvanni, Pietro. "F-104 Starfighter." "Ed.Ai editions", June 1998.
* Michell, Simon, ed. "Alenia (Lockheed) F-104S ASA Starfighter Upgrade." "Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Upgrades 1994-95". Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1994. ISBN 0-7106-1208-7.
* Niccoli, Ricardo. "'S' is for 'Sparrow'." "Air Enthusiast" Issue 117, May-June 2005.
* Niccoli, Ricardo. "Starfighters in the AMI". "Air International" Volume 31, No. 6, December 1986.
* Pace, Steve. "F-104 Starfighter: design, Development and Worldwide Operations of the First Operational Mach 2 Fighter". Oscela, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, 1992. ISBN 0-87938-608-8.
* Sgarlato, Nico. "F-104 Starfighter" (in Italian). "Delta editions", Great Planes Monograph series, February 2004.
* Taylor, John W.R., ed. "Aeritalia (Lockheed) F-104S" "Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1976-1977". London: Macdonald and Jane's. 1976. ISBN 0-53103-278-7.

External links