- Cheyenne military societies
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Cheyenne military societies are one of the two central institutions of traditional Cheyenne Indian tribal governance, the other being the Council of Forty-four. While council chiefs are responsible for overall governance of individual bands and the tribe as a whole, the headmen of military societies are in charge of maintaining discipline within the tribe, overseeing tribal hunts and ceremonies, and providing military leadership.[1] Historically, council chiefs selected which of the six military societies would assume these duties; after a period of time on-duty, the chiefs would select a different society to take up the duties.[2]
Contents
Four original societies
The prophet Sweet Medicine was said to designate the four original Cheyenne warrior societies. Over the ages, some have developed branches or have transformed.
Fox
Fox Warriors Society (Vóhkêséhetaneo'o or Monêsóonetaneo'o),[3] also known as Swift Fox or Kitfox. This society is found among both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. The Coyote Warriors Society (O'ôhoménotâxeo'o) and Flintmen Society (Motsêsóonetaneo'o) are branches of the Fox Warriors Society.[3]
Elk
Elk Warriors Society also known as Elk Horn Scrapers (Hémo'eoxeso),[4] Bone Scraper Society, Hoof Rattle, Crooked Lance, Headed Lance, Blue Soldiers or Medicine Lance.[5][6] This society is found among both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. This was the society of the famous warrior Roman Nose, and also of the mixed-race Cheyenne George Bent.
Shield
Shield Warriors Society (Ma'êhoohevaso),[3] also known as Red Shield.[7] This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it exists only among the Northern Cheyenne. Buffalo Warriors (Hotóanótâxeo'o),[3] also known as Buffalo Bull or Bull,[8] is a branch of the Shield Warriors Society.
Bowstring
Bowstring Men (Héma'tanóohese),[3] also known as the Owl Man's Bowstring. This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it is only among the Southern Cheyenne.[8] Wolf Warriors Society (Ho'néhenótâxeo'o) [3] is the alternate name for the Bowstring Men among the Southern Cheyenne. This society developed out of the Bowstring Men in the 19th century through a vision given to Owl Friend.[8]
Fifth society
Dog Warrior Society (Hotamétaneo'o),[3] also known as Dog Men. This society was also called Dog Soldiers by the whites. The Dog Warrior Society was established by a directive given in a visionary dream after the prophet Sweet Medicine's departure. This society was originally found in both the Northern and the Southern Cheyenne. Today it exists only among the Southern Cheyenne.[8]
Crazy Dogs (Hotamémâsêhao'o),[3] also known as Foolish Dogs. This society is similar to the Bowstring Men in function, but is found only among the Northern Cheyenne. Among the Northern Cheyenne, Dog Warrior Society and Wolf Warriors merged. This resulted in the development of new Dog Warriors, now called the Crazy Dogs. The Crazy Dogs are considered by many to be a sixth society instead of a branch of the fifth society.[8]
Sixth society
Contrary Warriors Society (Hohnóhkao'o),[3] also known as the Inverted Bow-string Society. Its members, the Contrary Warriors, have proved their bravery by riding backward into battle.[9]
Contrary Society , also known as Clown Society.[8] This society draws upon the same spiritual powers as the Contrary Warriors Society. It is primarily composed of Cheyenne elders and may be a mature variation of the Contrary Warriors Society. They were charged with teaching the Cheyenne ceremonial ways of the cultural "dos" and "don'ts" through humour, sarcasm and satire, in a fashion contrary to the traditional Cheyenne culture.
Women's Society
Notes
- ^ Greene 2004, p. 9.
- ^ Hyde 1968, p. 336.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Cheyenne Dictionary". Chief Dull Knife College. 2007-09-05. pp. societies. http://cheyenne.110mb.com/categories/c161.htm. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
- ^ Glenmore & Leman, p. 176
- ^ Llewellyn & Hoebel, p. 99
- ^ Grinnell, p. 48
- ^ Llewellyn & Hoebel, pp. 99-100
- ^ a b c d e f Llewellyn & Hoebel, p. 100
- ^ Hyde 1968, p. 337.
References
- Dorsey, George A. (2006) [1905]. The Cheyenne. Anthropological Series Vol. 9, No. 1. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1428612912. OCLC 3817175. http://books.google.com/books?id=rdNFXvI4QcMC.
- Glenmore, Josephine Stands in Timber, and Wayne Leman (1984). Cheyenne Topical Dictionary, Busby MT: Cheyenne Translation Project.
- Greene, Jerome A. (2004). Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army. Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806135514.
- Grinnell, George B. (1923). The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways, 2 vols., Edited and Illustrated, (World Wisdom, 2008) ISBN 978-1933316604.
- Hyde, George E. (1968). Life of George Bent Written from His Letters. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1577-7.
- Llewellyn, Karl Nickerson; Edward Adamson Hoebel (2002) [1941]. The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0806118555 9780806118550. OCLC 419750. http://books.google.com/books?id=E558YZ9C9ogC.
Categories:- Cheyenne tribe
- Native American organizations
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