U.S. All Star Federation

U.S. All Star Federation

Sport	Cheerleading
Founded	2003
Owner(s)	Varsity
No. of teams	500 member gyms and 130 member competition sponsoring companies
Country(ies)	United States
Most recent champion(s)	2011 Large Senior - Maryland Twisters F5 Small Senior - Cheer Athletics Panthers Large Limited Coed- Twist and Shout Small Limited Coed - Brandon Allstars Senior Black Senior Unlimited Coed- California Allstars Senior Semi-Limited Coed - Ace of Birmingham Warriors
TV partner(s)	ESPN
Official website	http://www.usasf.net/

The U.S. All Star Federation or USASF is the governing body for all star cheerleading in the United States. The USASF was founded in December, 2003 by cheerleading competition sponsors National Cheerleaders Association, Universal Cheerleaders Association, Cheersport and, America’s Best with the goal of uniting to promote the safe and healthy participation in all star cheerleading for the maximum number of participants by developing a standard set of safety rules and competition regulations, as well as conduct the Cheerleading Worlds.^[1] The mission statement of the USASF is to maximize the number of participants benefiting from the positive life experiences of all star cheerleading and dance by developing competition rules and all star gym training guidelines consistent with the latest best known safety, educational, and ethical practices.^[2]

In its growth the USASF has focused on best serving the all star cheerleading and dance industry. As such, programs were developed like: Coaches and Athlete Credentialing, Need and Merrit Based Scholarships for young athletes and Merrit Based Scholarships for High School Seniors, Safety Judges Certification, National Recreation Program and The Chairmans Cup and Community Service Award.

The USASF has partnered with many coorporate sponsors who care about the positive life experience that all star cheerleading and dance provide. These partners are: [Terminal Velocity Credit Card Processing][1], [Firebrand Media][2] (All Star Cheer Magazine is the official magazine of the USASF), Nfinity Shoes[3] and Cirque Du Soleil[4].

History

The first organization to call themselves all stars and go to competitions were the Q94 Rockers from Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1982 by Hilda McDaniel.^[3] All-star teams competing prior to 1987 were place into the same divisions as teams that represented schools and sports leagues. In 1986 National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) decided to address this situation by creating a separate division for these teams lacking a sponsoring school or athletic association, calling it the 'All-Star Division' and debuting it at their 1987 competitions. As the popularity of these types of teams grew, more and more of them were formed, attending competitions sponsored by many different types of organizations and companies, all using their own set of rules, regulations and divisions. This situation became one of the chief concerns of gym owners. These inconsistencies caused coaches to keep their routines in a constant state of flux, detracting from time that should be utilized to develop skills and provide personal attention to their athletes. More importantly, because the various companies were constantly vying for the competitive edge, safety standards had becoming more and more lax. In some cases, unqualified coaches and inexperienced squads are attempting dangerous stunts as a result of these “expanded” sets of rules.^[1]

The USASF was formed in 2004 by these various competition companies to act as the national governing body for all star cheerleading and to create a standard set of rules and judging standards to be followed by all competitions sanctioned by the Federation and ultimately leading to the Cheerleading Worlds. The USASF hosted the first Cheerleading Worlds on Saturday, April 24, 2004.^[1] At the same time, cheerleading coaches from all over the country organize themselves for the same rule making purpose, calling themselves the National All Star Cheerleading Coaches Congress (NACCC). In 2005, the NACCC was absorbed by the USASF to become their rule making body.^[3] By late 2006, the USASF was ready to expand its reach even further, by facilitating the creation of the International All-Star Federation (IASF), the first international governing body for the sport of cheerleading.

In 2011, in the Cheerleading Worlds they had there first tie. It was in the International Coed Level 6 division and it was between GymTyme Allstars from Louisville, Kentucky and Bangkok University from Thailand!

The rules system which includes, meetings, proposals, slate and congress has helped to democratically regulate the natural levels (1 through 5) in all star cheerleading. In 2008 a decision was made to begin a biannual process making 2009/10 season and the 2010/11 season the first two year rules cycle.^[4]

Age Levels

USASF/IASF All-Star Cheer Divisions for 2009–2010

Cheer Division	Age	Male/Female	Number of Athletes	Levels Allowed
Tiny Cheer
Tiny	5 and below	Male/Female	5-36	1
Mini Cheer
Mini	8 and below	Male/Female	5-36	1,2,3
Youth Cheer
Youth	11 and below	Male/Female	5-36	1,2,3,4,5
Junior Cheer
Junior	14 and below	Male/Female	5-36	1,2
Junior All Girl	14 and below	No Males	5-36	1,2,3,4,5
Junior Co-Ed	14 and below	1 or more males	5-36	1,2,3,4,5
Senior Cheer
Senior Open* (See Special Tumbling Restrictions Below)	18 yrs & Younger	Limit 0 - 4 Males	5 - 36 Members	5
Senior	18 yrs & Younger	Female/Male	5 - 36 Members	1, 2
Senior	18 yrs & Younger	No Males	5 - 36 Members	3, 4
Senior Co-Ed	18 yrs & Younger	1 or more Males	5 - 36 Members	3, 4
Senior	18 yrs & Younger	Female/Male	5 - 36 Members	4.2
Senior All Girl	12 yrs – 18 yrs	No Males	5 - 36 Members	5
Senior Limited Co-Ed	12 yrs – 18 yrs	1 - 4 Males	5 - 36 Members	5
Senior Semi-Limited Co-Ed	12 yrs – 18 yrs	5 - 12 Males	5 - 36 Members	5
Senior Unlimited Co-Ed	12 yrs – 18 yrs	5 or more Males	5 - 36 Members	5
International Open Cheer
International Open	14 yrs & Older	No Males	5 - 24 Members	5
International Open Co-Ed	14 yrs & Older	1 - 12 Males	5 - 24 Members	5
Special Needs Cheer
Special Needs	Any Age	Female/Male	Unlimited	N/A
Open Cheer
Open	17 yrs & Older	No Males	5 - 24 Members	6
Open Co-Ed	17 yrs & Older	1 or more Males	5 - 24 Members	6

• The Senior Open Level 5 division is open to all female (0 males) or female/male (limit 1-4 males) teams with participants 18 years and younger and the team size limit of 5 - 36 members. See “Split Guidelines” below for this division.
• The following skill restrictions apply for Senior Open Level 5:

In tumbling, only single twisting skills are allowed. During a full-twisting tumbling skill, no trick other than the twist is allowed (i.e. including but not limited to: split fulls, hitch kick fulls, X-Fulls, Full-Xouts, etc.) and both feet must land and finish on the performing surface. (i.e. no full twisting tumbling to seat, prone body landings or similar).

Senior Open Level 5 and Senior Level 5 divisions may not be combined into one division. For Junior Co-Ed Levels 3, 4 and 5, if there is only ONE co-ed competing in a respective level, then that level must be combined into one Junior division (i.e. Four Junior Level 3 teams and one Junior Co-Ed Level 3 team = 5 Junior Level 3 teams for competition). If the Junior teams were split into Small and Large, then the Co-Ed team must be placed with the teams closest to its size. WHEN TO SPLIT DIVISIONS:

• SMALL/LARGE SPLITS

Event producers will split the division into “Small” and “Large” divisions when there are at least two teams that will ultimately be registered in each respective division. The designation of “Small” and “Large” divisions must follow the team sizes below: Small = 5 – 20 members Large = 21 – 36 members

• A/B SPLITS

If after splitting divisions into “Small” and “Large” there are 10 or more teams in the “Small” or “Large” division, then event producers may split that division further by squad size or into “Small Gym” divisions. If splitting further by size, then event producers must use name such as “Division I”, “Division II” or “Division A”, “Division B” to denote the split and must clearly define the number of competitors permitted on the team for each of these particular divisions. If splitting into a “Small Gym” division, then the definition of a “Small Gym” listed below must be followed. No division may be subdivided further from the “Small” (5-20) and “Large” (21-36) classification if it means that only one team will be left in a division. A “Small Gym” is defined as having one physical address for its location and has 75 or less athletes registered in its competitive cheer program at the time of competition. Exhibition teams, crossover athletes, special needs teams and dance teams do not count toward the 75 or less athletes. It is up to the event producer’s discretion as to how to monitor this. Divisions that are designated as “Small Gym” must use the definition of a “Small Gym” listed above.

• CO-ED SPLITS

Senior Open may be split into Senior Open and Senior Open Limited Co-Ed when there are at least two teams that will ultimately be registered in each respective division. Senior Level 4.2 may be split into Senior Level 4.2 and Senior Co-Ed Level 4.2 when there are at least two teams that will ultimately be registered in each respective division.

• SENIOR OPEN SPLITS

Event producers will split these divisions into Small Senior Open and Large Senior and/or Senior Open and Senior Open Limited Co-Ed when there are at least two teams that will ultimately be registered in each respective division.

• WORLDS SPLITS

Event producers may also, at their discretion, split divisions into “Worlds Qualifying” and “Non-Worlds” qualifying divisions as long as the levels, age and female/male restrictions designated above remain the same for each division. Teams from the same gym will not have to compete against themselves if they have a “Small” and “Large” team in the same division (i.e. Small Junior Level 2 and Large Junior Level 2). A mandatory split in the division would occur in this situation, even it means that a division is left with only one team performing.

• SMALL GYM COMPETITIONS

Event producers may at their discretion offer separate competitions designated for “Small Gyms” only. Any USASF/IASF division may be offered at “Small Gyms” only events. A “Small Gym” is defined as having one physical address for its location and has 75 or less athletes registered in its competitive cheer program at the time of competition. Exhibition teams, crossover athletes, special needs teams and dance teams do not count toward the 75 or less athletes. It is up to the event producer’s discretion as to how to monitor this. Competitions that are designated as “Small Gym” must use the definition of a “Small Gym” listed above.

• INDIVIDUAL/GROUP STUNT/ PARTNER STUNT COMPETITION

The divisions of "Group Stunt", "Partner Stunt" and "Individual" may be offered by an event producer at their discretion. The age, level and female/male restrictions designated above must remain in place for stunt divisions (i.e. no Mini Stunt Group may perform at L5).

• CROSSOVERS

An individual will not be permitted to crossover from one program to another within the same event (Exception: International Open may crossover with non-International Open or Open Level 6 may crossover with non-Open Level 6.

The Cheerleading Worlds

The foremost competition for all-star cheerleading is the annual Cheerleading Worlds held at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Fla. Teams must qualify for the event by receiving a bid to attend from one of several qualifying competitions. US teams have won the vast majority of the medals, but an increasing number of strong teams from around the globe have come to compete in the event in recent years. This competition has grown in popularity and prestige since its beginning as a small competition in 2004. In 2007, over 100 teams from 15 different countries competed in the event.^[5] In 2009 over 30 countries participated.^{[citation needed]} 2010 will host a new venue bringing the National Club Teams and International teams closer together than they ever have been before.^{[citation needed]}

2004

On Saturday, April 24, 2004 at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, the top Senior division winners from both the coed and all girl divisions of some of the most competitive national championships competed in two divisions to determine the first World Champions. The show was broadcast on ESPN nationally and included all competitors at the event.^[1]

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Senior All Girl	Cheer Athletics Supercats (Dallas, TX)	Maryland Twisters F5 (Glen Burnie, MD)	American Cheer (Bakersfield, CA)
Senior Coed	Miami Elite (Miami, FL)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Memphis Elite (Memphis, TN)

2005

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	Maryland Twisters F5 (Glen Burnie, MD)	Cheer Athletics Supercats (Dallas, TX)	American Cheer (Bakersfield, CA)
Large Coed	Miami Elite (Miami, FL)	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)
Small Senior All Girl	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Georgia All Stars (Atlanta, GA)	Star Athletics (Boonton, NJ)
Small Coed	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	The Cheer Zone Tigers (Evansville, IN)	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)

2006

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	Cheer Athletics Panthers (Dallas, TX)	Charlotte All Stars (Charlotte, NC)	Maryland Twisters F5 (Glen Burnie, MD)
Large Coed	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Georgia All Stars (Atlanta, GA)	Kentucky Elite (Lexington, KY)
Small Senior All Girl	Cheer Athletics Jags (Dallas, TX)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Pro Spirit (McKinney, TX)
Small Coed	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Cheer Force (Simi Valley, CA)
International Coed	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Star Athletics (Boonton, NJ)	Extreme Cheer (Lubbock, TX)
International All Girl	Georgia All Stars (Atlanta, GA)	GuangXi University (GuangXi, China)	Jaguars All Stars (Bogotá, Colombia)

2007

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	World Cup Shooting Stars (Freehold, NJ)	Cheer Athletics Panthers (Dallas, TX)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)
Senior Unlimited Coed	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Georgia All Stars (Atlanta, GA)
Small Senior All Girl	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington,TX)	Basics Superstars (Wellsburg, WV)
Large Senior Limited Coed	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Cheer Force (Simi Valley, CA)
International Coed	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Texas Lonestar (Houston, TX)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Raleigh, NC)
International All Girl	Encore Cheer Co (Miami, FL)	Cambridge Cheer Sport Sharks (Cambridge, Ontario, CN)	Oklahoma Twisters (Norman, OK)
International Junior All Girl	World Cup Starlites (Freehold, NJ)	Celebrity Cheer (Salem, NH)	Desert Storm Elite (AZ)
International Junior Coed	Flip Factory (Pensacola, FL)	Infinity Titans (Peachtree City, GA)	Kentucky Elite (Lexington, KY)

2008

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	World Cup Shooting Stars (Freehold, NJ)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)	Maryland Twisters F5 (Glen Burnie, MD)
Senior Unlimited Coed	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)
Small Senior All Girl	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	California All Stars (San Marcos, CA)	Pro Spirit (Mckinney, TX)
Large Senior Limited Coed	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)	World Cup Odyssey (Freehold, NJ)
Large International Coed 5	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Storm Cheer Wrath (Sugar Land, TX)	Cheer Athletics Junglecats (Dallas, TX)
Large International All Girl 5	South Elite (Covington, WA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)	West Valley Thunder (Glendale, AZ)
International Junior All Girl	World Cup Starlites (Freehold, NJ)	Austin Cheer Factory (Austin, TX)	Maryland Twisters Supercells (Glen Burnie, MD)
International Junior Coed	University Cheer Airforce (Houston, TX)	Platinum Elite (Arcadia, CA)	Infinity Titans (Peachtree City, GA)
International Coed 6	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	PACE Empire (CA)	Guangzhou Sports University (China)
International All Girl 6	PACE Phoenix All Stars (Glendale, AZ)
Small International Coed 5	Cheer Athletics Pumas (Dallas, TX)	California All Stars (San Marcos, CA)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)
Small International All Girl 5	Cheer Athletics FierceKatz (Dallas, TX)	No 26 Middle School of Nanning (China)	Gold Star Galaxy (UK)

2009

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	World Cup Shooting Stars (Freehold, NJ)	Cheer Athletics Panthers (Dallas, TX)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)
Senior Unlimited Coed	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)
Small Senior All Girl	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Raleigh, NC)	Woodlands Elite (The Woodlands, TX)
Large Senior Limited Coed	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)	ACE of Alabama Warriors (Birmingham, AL)
Small Senior Limited Coed	Brandon All Stars (Tampa, FL)	Tribe Cheer (Oklahoma City, OK)	ICE (Mishawaka, IN)
International Junior All Girl	Maryland Twisters Supercells (Glen Burnie, MD)	Celebrity Junior White (Salem, NH)	World Cup Starlites (Freehold, NJ)
International Junior Coed	Cheer Athletics Jags (Dallas, TX)	South Jersey Storm (Sewell, NJ)	University Cheer Airforce (Houston, Tx)
International Coed 5	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)
International All Girl 5	Cheer Athletics FierceKatz (Dallas, TX)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)	Cheer Sport Sharks (Canada)
International Coed 6	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	South Jersey Storm (Sewell, NJ)
International All Girl 6	UPAC (Chile)	Cyclones (Japan)	Team UK (United Kingdom)

2010

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)	World Cup Shooting Stars (Freehold, NJ)	Cheer Athletics Panthers (Dallas, TX)
Senior Unlimited Coed	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)
Small Senior All Girl	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Raleigh, NC)	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)
Large Senior Limited Coed	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)
Small Senior Limited Coed	Kentucky Elite (Lexington, KY)	Brandon All Stars (Tampa, FL)	Rockstar Cheer (Greer, SC)
Large Senior Semi Limited Coed	Georgia All Stars (Atlanta, GA)	ACE of Alabama Warriors (Birmingham, AL)	South Jersey Storm (Sewell, NJ)
International Junior All Girl	Maryland Twisters Supercells (Glen Burnie, MD)	World Cup Starlites (Freehold, NJ)	Green Bay Elite Lime (De Pere, WI)
International Junior Coed	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Cheer Athletics Jags (Dallas, TX)	Ultimate Athletics Dynasty (Lindenhurst, IL)
International Coed 5	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)
International All Girl 5	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Rockstar Cheer (Greer, SC)	Cheer Athletics FierceKatz (Dallas, TX)
International Coed 6	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)
International All Girl 6	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Tigres UANL (Mexico)	East Celebrity Elite (Salem, NH)

2011

Division	Gold	Silver	Bronze
Large Senior All Girl	Maryland Twisters F5 (Glen Burnie, MD)	World Cup Shooting Stars (Freehold, NJ)	Cheer Extreme Senior Elite (Kernersville, NC)
Senior Unlimited Coed	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Cheer Extreme All Stars (Kernersville, NC)	Pro Cheer, Inc. (Hoschton, GA)
Small Senior All Girl	Cheer Athletics Panthers (Dallas, TX)	California Bullets (San Marcos, CA)	Stingray All Stars (Marietta, GA)
Large Senior Limited Coed	Twist & Shout (Edmond, OK)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)	Charlotte All Stars (Charlotte, NC)
Small Senior Limited Coed	Brandon All Stars (Tampa, FL)	California Bullets (Camarillo, CA)	Rockstar Cheer (Greer, SC)
Large Senior Semi Limited Coed	ACE of Alabama Warriors (Birmingham, AL)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Cheer Athletics Cheetahs (Dallas, TX)
International Coed 5	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Cheer Athletics Wildcats (Dallas, TX)	Spirit of Texas (Arlington, TX)
International All Girl 5	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY)	Rockstar Cheer (Greer, SC)	Cheer Athletics FierceKatz (Dallas, TX)
International Coed 6	GymTyme All Stars (Louisville, KY) Bangkok University (Thailand)	Top Gun All Stars (Miami, FL)	Texas Lonestar Cheer (Houston, TX)
International All Girl 6	Flyers All Starz (Canada)	Viqueens (Norway)	Cyclones (Japan)

Worlds Medal Count by Program

Program	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
Cheer Athletics	10	8	5	23
Stingray All Stars	6	4	3	13
Cheer Extreme All Stars [5]	1	6	6	13
GymTyme All Stars	11	0	0	11
Top Gun All Stars	4	3	3	10
Spirit of Texas	4	5	2	11
California All Stars	3	6	1	10
World Cup All Stars	5	2	2	9
Maryland Twisters	4	1	3	8
Twist & Shout	1	3	2	6
Georgia All Stars	2	2	1	5
Rockstar Cheer	0	2	2	4
Brandon All Stars	2	0	2	4
ACE Cheer Company	1	1	1	3
South Jersey Storm	0	1	2	3
CheerForce Allstar Cheer	0	0	3	3
Miami Elite All Stars (closed doors 2006)	2	0	0	2
Pace All Stars	1	1	0	2
University Cheer Air Force	1	0	1	2
Celebrity Cheer	0	2	0	2
Star Athletics	0	1	1	2
Infinity Titans (now ACE of Atlanta)	0	1	1	2
American Cheer	0	0	2	2
Pro Spirit	0	0	2	2
Encore Cheer & Dance Company	1	0	0	1
The Flip Factory	1	0	0	1
South Elite All Stars	1	0	0	1
Austin Cheer Factory	0	1	0	1
Cheer Sport Sharks	0	1	0	1
Charlotte All Stars	0	1	0	1
GuangXi University	0	1	0	1
Platinum Elite	0	1	0	1
Storm Cheer	0	1	0	1
The Cheer Zone	0	1	0	1
Texas Cheer	0	1	0	1
Basics SuperStars	0	0	1	1
Desert Storm Elite	0	0	1	1
Extreme Cheer (now called Raider Xtreme Cheer)	0	0	1	1
Jaguar All Stars	0	0	1	1
Memphis Elite All Stars	0	0	1	1
Oklahoma Twisters	0	0	1	1
West Valley Thunder	0	0	1	1
Gold Star Galaxy	0	0	1	1
No 26 Middle School of Nanning	0	1	0	1
Guangzhou Sports University	0	0	1	1

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Cheerleading Worlds Administered by the USASF". Varsity Brands, Inc.. http://www.varsity.com/index.asp?article=1514. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
2. ^ "USASF Mission Statement". https://secure.usasf.net/frmDefault.aspx?cn=worldscompetitors.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Smith, Jennifer Renèe (February 2007). "The All-Star Chronicles". American Cheerleader 13 (1): 40–42. ISSN 1079-9885 
4. ^ "USASF Insider" (pdf). https://secure.usasf.net/Documents/Newsletters/December%202006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-15. 
5. ^ "A World of Cheer!". Archived from the original on 2007-05-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070511154747/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18497473/site/newsweek/. Retrieved 2007-05-17.