Emir Rodríguez Monegal

Emir sc|R|odríguez| M|onegal (28 July 1921 – 14 November 1985) was a Uruguayan scholar, literary critic, and editor of Latin American literature. From 1969 to 1985, Rodríguez Monegal was professor of Latin American contemporary literature at Yale University. He is usually called by his second surname Emir R. Monegal or Monegal, sometimes ERM, or erroneously Emir Monegal.

Described as "one of the most influential Latin American literary critics of the 20th century" by the "Encyclopædia Britannica", Monegal wrote key books about Pablo Neruda and Jorge Luis Borges, and the Britannica Macropædia notice of the later. He was a part in "The Boom" of 1960s Latin American literature as founder and 1966–1968 editor of his influential magazine "Mundo Nuevo".

Biography

(1921-1965) Early career

In 1921, Emir Rodríguez Monegal was born on July 28 in Melo, Cerro Largo Department, Uruguay.Monegal 1984, primary sources.] He had the double-barrelled name Rodríguez Monegal (erroneously "Rodríguez-Monegal" in some texts) but was often referred to as R. Monegal or Monegal only, a Spanish naming custom when the first surname is extremely common.

From 1945 to 1957 (age 24 to 36), he edited the literary section of the Montevideo weekly "Marcha". He was one of the first to recognize early on the importance of Borges,EB, tertiary sources.] seeing him and his family frequently after 1945, and taking him for model to the point of pastiche.González Echevarría 1974, primary sources.] Conversely, he got a cameo in a pseudo-autobiographical Borges short story: [Cite book
author = sc|B|orges, Jorge Luis
year = 1949
chapter = La otra muerte
title = in El Aleph
quote = _es. El segundo episodio se produjo en Montevideo, meses después. La fiebre y la agonía del entrerriano me sugirieron un relato fantástico sobre la derrota de Masoller; Emir Rodríguez Monegal, a quien referí el argumento, me dio unas líneas para el coronel Dionisio Tabares, que había hecho esa campaña.]

In 1949 (age 28), he won a scholarship from the British Council for a year's study at the University of Cambridge; he went to study under F. R. Leavis and complete a project on Andrés Bello. During 1949 to 1955 (age 28 to 34), he was also editor of "Número", a Montevideo literary magazine. In 1952, he became friend with Pablo Neruda, who would later lend him his intimate papers for Monegal's biography of Neruda.

In 1956 (age 35), Monegal obtained the equivalent of a Ph. D. at the Facultad de Humanidades (Faculty of Letters), Montevideo, for his research on _es. "Andrés Bello y el Romanticismo hispanoamericano".

(1966-1968) "Mundo Nuevo"

In 1966 (age 45), Monegal founded the influential literary monthly "Mundo Nuevo" as a project sponsored by the Ford Foundation. Published in Spanish in Paris, it was distributed worldwide. Monegal directed it with full editorial control until July 1968, after a political smear campaign alleging a CIA funding eventually led to his resignation. "Mundo Nuevo" contributed to the 1960s publishing phenomenon dubbed "The Boom" in Latin American literature that led to many Latin American writers being published outside of their home countries and gaining critical recognition.Mac Adam 1984, primary sources.]

(1969-1985) Yale University

In 1969 (age 48), Monegal was appointed professor of Latin American contemporary literature at Yale University. From 1970 to 1973 (age 49 to 52), he was chairman of the Latin American Studies program and associate chairman of the Department of Romance Languages. From 1973 to 1976 (age 49 to 55), he was chairman of the Spanish and Portuguese Department.

From 1969 to 1977 (age 48 to 56), he was a member of the editorial board of "Revista Iberoamericana" (University of Pittsburgh) and from 1972 to 1977 (age 51 to 56) he was consulting editor of "Review", a tri-quarterly published by the Center for Inter-American Relations in New York.

Also, from 1975 to 1982 (age 54 to 61), he was a visiting lecturer in seven universities in Brazil, and a visiting professor at the University of Southern California and the University of Pittsburgh.

In 1985 (aged 64), Monegal died on Thursday 14 November at Yale's infirmary in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. He was survived by his wife, Selma Calasans Rodríguez, and three children: Joaquín Rodríguez Nebot, of Mexico City; Alejandro Rodríguez, of Montevideo, Uruguay; and Georgina Rodríguez Nebot, of Stockholm.NYT 1985, tertiary sources.]

Legacy

* His 1966–1968 work with "Mundo Nuevo", as well as his books and lectures, was influential for the spread of Latin American literature, launching the career of such as Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Severo Sarduy, and Manuel Puig, and contributing to the internationalization of writers such as Gabriel García Márquez, Carlos Fuentes, and Mario Vargas Llosa.

* His April 1968 article _es. "Nota sobre Biorges" (reused in a chapter of his 1970 "Borgè s") introduced the concept of "Biorges". According to him, when Adolfo Bioy Casares and Jorge Luis Borges collaborated under the pseudonyms H. Bustos Domecq or B. Suárez Lynch, the results seemed written by a new personality, more than the sum of its parts, which he dubbed "Biorges" and considered in his own right as "one of the most important Argentine prose writers of his time", for having influenced writers such as Leopoldo Marechal (an otherwise anti-Borgesian), or Julio Cortázar's use of fictional language and slang in his masterpiece "Hopscotch". [Monegal 1968, primary sources. _es. "Allí Borges y Bioy crean literalmente un escritor compuesto, que podría bautizarse "Biorges" y en el que predomina un sentido violento del humor, una sátira literaria y social más descarnada de la que asoma en las respectivas obras no apócrifas, un placer por jugar con el lenguaje por explorar sus posibilidades paródicas, por romper y recrear sus estructuras orales, que convierten a los casi inexistentes Bustos Domecq, o Suárez Lynch, o Biorges, en uno de los más importantes prosistas argentinos de su época. Un prosista sin el cual no es posible explicar a Leopoldo Marechal en sus momentos más felices, o a Cortázar, sobre todo, en "Rayuela", cuando se larga a hablar en un rioplatense inventado. "Biorges estuvo aquí", habría que inscribir en muchas páginas de la más ingeniosa e inventiva literatura rioplatense de estos últimos treinta años."]

* His 1966 biography of his friend Pablo Neruda, who accepted to lend him his personal papers, remains a key book on the topic. Similarly, his 1970 study and 1978 biography of his friend Borges remain key books.

* In June 1985, Monegal famously derided philosopher Jacques Derrida, alleging an obfuscated recycling of Borges's ideas (from essays and tales such as _es. "La fruición literaria" (1928), _es. "Elementos de preceptiva" (1933), "Pierre Menard" (1939), "Tlön" (1940), _es. "Kafka y sus precursores" (1951) [Monegal 1955, primary sources.] Monegal 1985, primary sources.] ), opening his article with:Monegal 1985, primary sources. _es. "Siempre me ha resultado difícil leer a Derrida. No tanto por la densidad de su pensamiento y el estilo moroso, redundante, repetitivo en que éste aparece desarrollado, sino por una causa completamente circunstancial. Educado en el pensamiento de Borges desde los quince años, muchas de las novedades de Derrida me han parecido algo tautológicas. No podía entender cómo tardaba tanto en llegar a las luminosas perspectivas que Borges había abierto hacía ya tantos años. La famosa "desconstrucción" me impresionaba por su rigor técnico y la infinita seducción de su espejo textual pero me era familiar: la había practicado en Borges "avant la lettre"."]

Bibliography

The bulk of Monegal's works exists only in Spanish.ADP 2007, tertiary sources.] For untranslated texts, an English equivalent of the title is provided in parentheses.

Books

* 1950: _es. "José Enrique Rodó en el Novecientos" ("José Enrique Rodó in the twentieth century")
* 1956: _es. "El juicio de los parricidas. La nueva generación argentina y sus maestros." ("The trial of the parricides. The new Argentine generation and their masters.", study of the dismissal of Borges, Mallea, and Martínez Estrada in Argentina)
* 1961: _es. "Las raíces de Horacio Quiroga" ("The roots of Horacio Quiroga")
* 1961: _es. "Narradores de esta América" ("Storytellers of this America", seventeen essays on prominent fiction writers of contemporary Latin American literature)
** Expanded to thirty-four writers in two volumes (1969 and 1974)
* 1963: _es. "Eduardo Acevedo Díaz. Dos versiones de un mismo tema." ("Eduardo Acevedo Díaz. Two versions of a same theme.")
* 1964: _es. "Ingmar Bergman. Un dramaturgo cinematográfico." (with Homero Alsina Thevenet, "Ingmar Bergman. A cinematographic playwright.")
* 1966: _es. "El viajero inmóvil: Introducción a Pablo Neruda" ("The immobile traveler: an introduction to Pablo Neruda")
** _fr. "Neruda, le voyageur immobile" (1973, French)
* 1967: _es. "Genio y figura de Horacio Quiroga" ("Genius and character of Horacio Quiroga")
* 1968: _es. "El desterrado: Vida y obra de Horacio Quiroga" ("The exile: life and work of Horacio Quiroga")
* 1969: _es. "El otro Andrés Bello" ("The other Andrés Bello")
* 1970: _fr. "Borgè s par lui même" (French, "Borges by himself")
** _es. "Borges por él mismo" (1979, Spanish)
** _el. "Μπόρχες" ( _el. "Borch es", 1987, Greek)
* 1976: _es. "Borges: Hacia una lectura poética" ("Borges: towards a poetic reading"), erroneous title printed for _es. "Borges: Hacia una poética de la lectura" ("Borges: towards a poetics of reading")
** _pt. "Borges, uma poética da leitura" (1980, Portuguese)
* 1978: "Jorge Luis Borges: A Literary Biography"
** _it. "Borges : una biografia letteraria" (1982, Italian)
** _fr. "Jorge Luis Borges: biographie littéraire" (1983, French)
** _es. "Jorge Luis Borges: una biografía literaria" (1985, Spanish)

Articles

Selected among more than 330 articles and notices:

* 1955: _es. "Borges: Teoría y práctica", in: "Número" 27
** Expanded, in: _es. "Narradores de esta América, Tomo 1" (1969)
* 1968: _es. "Nota sobre Biorges", in: "Mundo Nuevo" 22
* 1972: _es. "Borges: the Reader as Writer", in: "TriQuarterly" 25
* 1974: "Borges, Jorge Luis", in: "Encyclopædia Britannica", Macropædia Vol. 3
* 1974: "Borges, a Reader", in: "diacritics" 4
* 1975: _es. "Realismo mágico versus literatura fantástica: Un diálogo de sordos", in: Yates, A. Donald, ed. (1975) _es. "Otros Mundos, Otros Fuegos. Fantasía y realismo mágico en Iberoamérica."
* 1976: _es. "Borges: Una Teoría de la Literatura Fantástica", in: "Revista Iberoamericana" 42
* 1985: _es. "Borges y Derrida: boticarios", in: "Maldoror" 21
** "Borges and Derrida. Apothecaries", in: Aizenberg, Edna, ed. (1990). "Borges and His Successors. The Borgian Impact on Literature and the Arts".

Edited

* 1950: _es. "La literatura uruguaya del Novecientos" ("Uruguayan literature of the twentieth century", compilation of essays and documents)
* 1957: _es. "José Enrique Rodó. Obras completas" ("José Enrique Rodó: complete works")
* 1963: _es. "José Enrique Rodó: Páginas" ("José Enrique Rodó: pages", anthology)
* 1966: _es. "El cuento uruguayo" ("The Uruguyan tale", short-story anthology)
* 1966: _es. "Juan Carlos Onetti: Los rostros del amor" ("Juan Carlos Onetti: the faces of love", erotic texts anthology)
* 1968: _es. "El arte de narrar" ("The art of narration", interviews with leading Hispanic prose fiction writers)
* 1970: _es. "Juan Carlos Onetti. Novelas y cuentos completos." ("Juan Carlos Onetti. Complete novels and tales", anthology)
* 1977: "The Borzoi Anthology of Latin American Literature", 2 volumes (with Thomas Colchie)
* 1979: _es. "Maestros hispánicos del siglo veinte" ("Hispanic masters of the 20th century", with Suzanne Jill Levine)
* 1980: _es. "Pablo Neruda" (collection of critical essays on Pablo Neruda)
* 1981: "Borges: A Reader" (anthology, with Alastair Reid)
** _es. "Borges: Ficcionario" (1984, Spanish)

References

; Primary sources consulted

* Cite web
author = sc|G|onzález| E|chevarría, Roberto
date = 1974
title = "Interview: Emir Rodríguez Monegal"
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = ( from "diacritics", Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 38–43. Summer, 1974)
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/entrevistas/entrev_01.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071009110255/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/entrevistas/entrev_01.htm
archivedate = 2007-10-09 (Archivo de Prensa doesn't mention the original publication. Additional date and magazine retrieved at [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=%22interview%3A+Emir+Rodr%C3%ADguez+Monegal%22] from JSTOR via Google Scholar.)
* Cite web
author = sc|M|ac| A|dam, Alfred J.
date = 1984
title = "Emir Rodríguez Monegal: The Boom: A retrospective" (interview)
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = (from "Review", nº 33, January 1984, p. 30–34)
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/entrevistas/entrev_02.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070311030027/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/entrevistas/entrev_02.htm
archivedate = 2007-03-11
* Cite web
author = sc|M|onegal
date = 1955
title = _es. "Borges: Teoría y práctica: Vanidad de la crítica literaria"
language = Spanish
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = (from "Número" 27, December 1955, p. 125–157)
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/prensa/artpren/numero/num_271.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070527144227/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/prensa/artpren/numero/num_271.htm
archivedate = 2007-05-27
* Cite web
author = sc|M|onegal
date = 1968
title = _es. "Nota sobre Biorges"
language = Spanish
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = (from "Mundo Nuevo" 22, April 1968, p. 89–92)
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/prensa/artpren/mundo/mundo_22.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071017042912/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/prensa/artpren/mundo/mundo_22.htm
archivedate = 2007-10-17
* Cite web
author = sc|M|onegal
date = 1984
title = "Emir Rodríguez Monegal: Curriculum Vitae"
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/biografia/curric.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070319120113/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/biografia/curric.htm
archivedate = 2007-03-19
* Cite web
author = sc|M|onegal
date = 1985
title = _es. "Borges y Derrida: boticarios"
language = Spanish
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = (from Montevideo: "Maldoror" 21, 1985, p. 123–132)
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/criticas/crit_06.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071017012431/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/criticas/crit_06.htm
archivedate = 2007-10-17

; Tertiary sources consulted

* Cite web
author = ADP
date = 2007
title = _es. "Emir Rodríguez Monegal: Bibliografía: índice" (bibliographical index)
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/indice/ind_01.htm
accessdate = 2007-10-16
* Cite web
author = EB
date = 2007
title = "Concise Encyclopedia: Rodríguez Monegal, Emir"
work = Encyclopædia Britannica Online
publisher = Britannica.com
url = http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9343866
accessdate = 2007-10-06
archiveurl =
* Cite web
author = NYT
date = 1985
title = "E. Rodri guez Monegal" (necrological notice)
work = Emir Rodríguez Monegal website
pages = (from the "The New York Times", 19 November 1985, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E6DA1038F93AA25752C1A963948260&sec=&spon= online] )
publisher = Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy
url = http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/biografia/sobre_02.htm
archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071005165905/http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/biografia/sobre_02.htm
archivedate = 2007-10-05

; Endnotes

External links

; Official sites

* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/ Archivo de Prensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/] – the Emir Rodríguez Monegal website (a few documents in English): biography, bibliography, interviews, article collection, etc.

; Online works
* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/criticas/crit_05.htm "A Game of Shifting mirrors: the New Latin American Narrative and the North American Novel"] (1973)
* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/criticas/crit_01.htm "Borges, Jorge Luis"] (1974, in: "Britannica Macropædia")
* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/prensa/artpren/diacritics/diacritics_77.htm "The Metamorphoses of Caliban"] (1977)
* Fr icon [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/indice/ind_01.htm _es. Bibliografía: índice] (blue links lead to copies of articles)

; About Monegal
* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/fotografias/fotos_01.htm Photographs of Monegal] (10 pictures, 1948–1984, with Borges, Paz, Vargas Llosa, Fuentes, Neruda, etc.)
* [http://www.archivodeprensa.edu.uy/r_monegal/bibliografia/criticas/01%20Quiroga%20por%20Rodriguez%20Monegal.mp3 Voice of Monegal: _es. "Quiroga por Emir Rodríguez Monegal"] (MP3, 24:50, 24 MB)
* Es icon [http://www.liccom.edu.uy/docencia/lisa/en_prensa/emir1.html _es. "Prologo to "Obra selecta de Emir Rodríguez Monegal"] by Lisa Block de Behar

Persondata
NAME = Rodríguez Monegal, Emir (Professor)
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Monegal
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Uruguyan scholar, biographer of Borges and Neruda, founder of "Mundo Nuevo"
DATE OF BIRTH = 28 July 1921
PLACE OF BIRTH = Melo, Cerro Largo Department, Uruguay
DATE OF DEATH = 14 November 1985
PLACE OF DEATH = New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.