1998 Puerto Rican general strike

The Puerto Rican general strike of 1998 began as a strike of Puerto Rico Telephone Company workers to protest a government privatization plan. Three weeks later, an estimated 500,000 people joined a two-day general strike, bringing commerce and travel in Puerto Rico to a standstill. Protests and pickets were mostly peaceful, but in the week before the general strike some infrastructure elements were sabotaged, and two bombs were detonated. The strike failed to stop the privatization plan, and in July a consortium led by GTE bought the PRTC for US$1.9 billion.

Background

At the start of the 20th century, brothers Hernan and Sosthenes Behn founded the Puerto Rico Telephone Company, before moving to New York and incorporating International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) in 1920. ITT ran the PRTC for many years, coordinating telephone service on the island with the government's Interior Department. In the 1940s, the Puerto Rican government enacted a series of laws designed to make telephone access more available in the eastern part of the island and allowed the state to play more of a role in providing service. By the end of 1959, the island had 76,000 phone lines.Cortès, Ramón Morales (n.d.). [http://www.vii.org/papers/puer.htm "Telecommunications in Puerto Rico"] . Online at the [http://www.vii.org/ Virtual Institute of Information] . Columbia Institute for Tele-Information. Retrieved on 9 September 2007.]

Service under the ITT/ID partnership expanded rapidly across the island, but tended to favor wealthier urban areas, while residents of outlying areas experienced long waiting periods and lack of access. ITT often imported outdated equipment from Latin America for use within the PRTC,Gonzalez, Juan (1998). [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-21132618.html "'Puerto Rico had never seen anything like it': The meaning of the general strike"] . "The Progressive". 1 September 1998. Online at [http://www.encyclopedia.com/ Highbeam Encyclopedia] . Retrieved on 9 September 2007.] and the company's salary practices produced criticism: some non-Puerto Ricans were paid almost four times as much as the highest-earning Puerto Rican executive. This was compounded by an October 1973 ruling by the Puerto Rico Public Service Commission, fining the PRTC US$219,000.

In 1974, Governor Rafael Hernández Colón oversaw the government purchase of PRTC from ITT for a price of US$168 million. The newly nationalized phone company sought to improve service and expand networks, beginning with a US$500 million modernization fund. By 1980, the island had 12.9 lines per 100 people, up from 8.3 in 1974. By the 1990s, the PRTC was donating US$100 million each year to the government and gave free service to Puerto Rico's public schools.

1990 strike

In February 1990, Governor Hernández Colón – serving his third and final term – proposed the sale of the PRTC to Bell Atlantic (which merged with GTE in 2000 to create Verizon Communications). Hernández Colón suggested that proceeds from the sale would go toward public education and improved infrastructure. Labor unions in Puerto Rico opposed the sale, however, and on 28 March 3,800 telephone workers went on a one-day strike. On the same day, a march of 150,000 Puerto Ricans proceeded to the capitol building in San Juan. This activity – in addition to a law requiring a $3 billion sale price and a ban on firings for 18 months – blocked the proposed sale.Luxner, Larry (1998). [http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_pride_caribbean_puerto/ "Pride of the Caribbean: Puerto Rico prepares to sell phone company – again"] . [http://telephonyonline.com/ Telephony Online] . 20 April 1998. Retrieved on 9 September 2007.]

Deregulation

When the US Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Puerto Rico's telephone market – like many others in the US – was deregulated, causing an influx of competitors to what had previously been a PRTC monopoly. Once other companies began competing with the PRTC, its size and structure became a liability. Carmen Culpeper, the company's president, said it was "bound by too many government procedures and regulations that delayed decision-making in a competitive environment."James, Canute (18 February 1999). "Puerto Rico telecoms sale wins approval". "Financial Times", p. 5.]

Privatization proposal

When Pedro Rosselló became governor of Puerto Rico in 1992, he advocated a program of widespread privatization in a variety of fields. In 1995 the government sold its Puerto Rico Maritime Shipping company, and a number of state-owned farms, hotels, and mills were also privatized in the early part of the decade. "The government should not be competing in areas where it is not effective," Rosselló said.James, Canute (22 May 1997). "Puerto Rico to sell off state monopoly". "Financial Times", p. 4.]

As plans for the sale of the PRTC began to crystallize, a twelve-hour general strike was held in October 1997. Over 100,000 people participated in the coalition action, one of the largest gatherings of Puerto Rican residents in history.Bacon, David. [http://dbacon.igc.org/Strikes/16PRGenStrike.htm "Puerto Rican General Strike Hits Telephone Privatization"] . Online at [http://dbacon.igc.org/index.htm David Bacon Photographs & Stories] . Retrieved on 9 September 2007.]

On 27 May 1998 Rosselló announced that the government had reached an agreement to sell a majority stake of the PRTC to the GTE consortium. ["Puerto Rico to Sell Majority Stake in Puerto Rico Telephone Company to GTE-led Group". "BusinessWire". 27 May 1998, p. 1.] Although the PRTC — which made a profit of US$130 million in 1996 – was providing "generally good" telephone service and using "modern equipment" (in the words of the conservative National Center for Policy Analysis), [http://www.ncpa.org/pd/state/sljuly98a.html "New Deal Mentality Stymies Competition In Puerto Rico"] . National Center for Policy Analysis. 2001. Retrieved on 9 September 2007.] some considered it to be inefficient and ill-equipped for competition in the growing wireless market.Passell, Peter (16 July 1998). [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507E5DE1630F935A25754C0A96E958260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/P/Privatization "Telephone privatization tests economic will of Puerto Rico"] . "New York Times", p. D2.]

Others disagreed. Victor Garcia, minority leader of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, said the PRTC had "the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in the Caribbean" and that "its markets are growing and its competitive position is good."James, Canute (5 December 1997). "Puerto Rico telecoms deal soon". "Financial Times", p. 4.] Union leaders expressed concern about layoffs and undervaluing of the company. Jose Juan Hernandez, president of the Independent Telephone Workers Union, claimed that GTE was planning to fire several thousand workers, and that the government offered a "fire sale price, at least $3bn below its value".James, Canute (3 June 1998). "Puerto Rico phone sale prompts strike threat". "Financial Times", p. 5.]

Some Puerto Ricans saw the proposal as an attempt to gain favor with mainland US business interests, to promote Rosselló's declared goal of statehood for the commonwealth. The PRTC was seen as an organizational focus of nationalistic pride among many on the island.Navarro, Mireya (19 June 1998). [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E5DB1F3DF93AA25755C0A96E958260 "Plan to Sell Puerto Rico Phone Company Leads to Strike"] . "New York Times", p. A18.] Representing a militant extreme, the Boricua Popular Army said, "This sale is nothing more than a declaration of war. Now they will know what war is."

PRTC workers strike

On 19 June 1998, when the Senate of Puerto Rico approved the sale, 6,400 PRTC workers went on strike. The action was coordinated by the 2,000-member Independent Brotherhood of Telephone Workers and the 4,400-member Independent Telephone Workers Union. 1,400 management employees reported for work (some of them arriving by helicopter on the roof), and some employees crossed picket lines carrying food and pillows for an extended stay inside. Some small-scale confrontations were reported on the first day, with one arrest after a worker was accused of spraying police with a mace-like substance.

Violence and sabotage

Clashes between striking workers and police became more violent on 22 June when officers beat a group of strikers unconscious as members of the press watched. In the days after this incident, militant protesters carried out a wave of property destruction and sabotage. In the southern town of Santa Isabel, a bomb concealed in a flashlight exploded in the hands of a police officer, severing a finger and wounding his leg.Associated Press (26 June 1998). "Phone sale leads to bombing." "Greensboro News Record", p. A12.] Another bomb was later detonated outside a branch office of Banco Popular, which participated in the GTE deal. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E6DA113EF93BA35754C0A96E958260 "Puerto Rican Labor Protest Disrupts Travel"] (8 June 1998). "New York Times", p. A14.]

Elsewhere at the end of June, telephone and optic fiber cables were cut, causing service losses to over 300,000 customers and half of the island's ATMs. A telephone switching box in Cayey and a telephone booth in Mayaguez were also set on fire.

As the workers' strike dragged on with no response from the government, a coalition called the Greater Committee of Labor Organizations ("Comite Amplio de Organizaciones Sindicales", or CAOS) was formed with the goal of launching a general strike.

General strike

On 7 and 8 July, over 500,000 people engaged in a general strike across the island. The strike – endorsed by over 50 unions – forced the closure of shopping malls, banks, hospitals, and government offices. 14,000 police officers – 95% of the force – was activated to maintain order. Borges, Ingrid Ortega (8 July 1998). "Puerto Rico crippled". "USA Today", p. A4.] Commerce and tourist activity around Puerto Rico were halted as crowds of protesters marched in the streets. In the capital city suburb of Guaynabo, activists danced to salsa rhythms and carried signs reading "Rosselló, Judas Iscariot" and "It's a mission from God -- get rid of this evil".Gugliotta, Guy (8 July 1998). [http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/1998m07/msg00063.htm "Puerto Rico Paralyzed by Strike Over Phone Company Sale"] . "Washington Post", p. A2.]

Strike organizers called for a referendum on the sale, pointing to polls indicating a 65% disapproval rate. Governor Rosselló refused to speak with union officials or activists, and reportedly went on vacation during the general strike.

Travel disruptions

Traffic to the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport was brought to a halt by the strike when activists erected barricades on the road leading to the terminal. This resulted in a tense five-hour standoff between 200 riot policemen and twice as many protesters, some of them armed with baseball bats and chains.Ruiz, Carmelo (1998). [http://www.greens.org/s-r/17/17-11.html "Puerto Rico Revolts against Privatization"] . "Synthesis/Regeneration". Fall 1998. Online at [http://www.greens.org/ Green Parties World Wide] . Retrieved on 9 September 2007.] The hours-long delay forced tourists to walk along the road for over a mile to reach the airport.

An agreement was eventually reached between protesters and police which allowed for the opening of two lanes of traffic. Still, movement was limited due to striking bus and taxi drivers. Two cruise ships also canceled stops in Puerto Rico because of the strike.

End of strike

On 28 July, union telephone workers voted to end their 41-day strike, after receiving assurances that there would be no reprisals for striking workers. Given the popular support of the strike and the island's history with PRTC, some were puzzled by leaders' willingness to call off the protest. Writing in the Green journal "Synthesis/Regeneration", Carmelo Ruiz asks: "What happened? The speed with which the national struggle against the PRTC's sale and governor Rossello's privatization policy fell apart points to an inside job. According to many activists, some spineless union leaders got cold feet in the heat of the fight and decided to back off. Others were more blunt: 'We were sold out.'"

ale and aftermath

When the FCC approved the sale in 1999, the GTE consortium named Jon E. Slater as the new PRTC president and CEO. GTE announced plans to invest US$1 billion in the nation's telecommunications infrastructure, focusing on upgrades to the network and wireline growth. ["GTE-led Consortium Begins First Phase of PRTC Transition By Designating Jon Slater President and CEO Upon Close of Sale". "BusinessWire". 9 November 1998.]

While the strike-ending agreement forbade reprisals against workers, the president of the Government Development Bank, Marcos Rodriguez-Ema, admitted before the strike that the new PRTC owners would impose "voluntary layoffs, shifting of employees from subsidiaries to other companies, and early retirement".

Notes