Adolph Strecker

Infobox_Scientist
name = Adolph Strecker


image_width = 200
caption = Adolph Strecker
birth_date = birth date|1822|10|21|mf=y
birth_place = Darmstadt, Germany
residence = Germany
nationality = German
death_date = death date and age|1871|11|7|1822|10|21|mf=y
death_place = Würzburg, Germany
field =
work_institution = University of Gießen,
University of Christiania,
University of Tübingen,
University of Würzburg
alma_mater = University of Gießen
doctoral_advisor = Justus Liebig
doctoral_students =
known_for = Strecker synthesis of amino acids
prizes =
religion =
footnotes =

Adolph Strecker (October 21, 1822 – November 7, 1871) was a German chemist who is remembered primarily for his work with amino acids.

Life and work

Strecker was born in Darmstadt, the son of Ludwig Strecker, an archivist working for the hessian Grand Duke. Adolph Strecker attended school in Darmstadt until 1838 when he changed to the higher Gewerbeschule. After receiving his abitur in 1840, Strecker began studying science at the University of Gießen, where Justus Liebig was a professor. In August 1842, Strecker received his PhD and began teaching at a realschule in Darmstadt. He refused one offer to work for Liebig, but in 1846 he accepted another and became Liebig's private assistant at the University of Gießen. Strecker finished his habilitation in 1848 and became a lecturer at the university.

Strecker investigated a wide variety of problems in both organic and inorganic chemistry during his time at Gießen. Examples include the molecular masses of silver and carbon, the reactions of lactic acid, the decomposition of hippuric acid by nitric acid, and the separation of cobalt and nickel.

Strecker wanted to leave Gießen for a position at the University of Berlin, but when he heard of an open position at Norway's University of Christiania, he applied for it and in 1851 became a professor there. While in Norway, Strecker focused on organic chemistry, covering a broad range of topics from organometallic chemistry to natural products. Also while in Norway, Strecker returned to Germany for several holidays. During one such visit to Darmstadt, he married on July 3, 1852. His wife died on October 13, 1853; he married a second time on September 29, 1855.

Strecker left Norway on Gmelin's death in 1860 to accept the latter's position at the University of Tübingen. There he conducted research on guanine, xanthine, caffeine, and theobromine, and on the very toxic thallium oxides, which damaged his health severely. He moved to the University of Würzburg in 1870, but his first semester was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Strecker became an officer during the war and returned to the university after it, where he started his last semester. In the summer of 1871 he undertook a recreational holiday in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria, but his health began to deteriorate. Strecker died in Würzburg, where he is buried in the Haupt Friedhof.

Strecker synthesis

The Strecker synthesis of amino acids involves the reaction of potassium cyanide, ammonium chloride, and an aldehyde to make an alpha amino acid.] ). [cite journal
author = Strecker, A.
title = Ueber die künstliche Bildung der Milchsäure und einen neuen, dem Glycocoll homologen
journal = Annalen der Chemie und Pharmazie
year = 1850
volume = 75
issue = 1
doi = 10.1002/jlac.18500750103
pages = 27–45] [cite journal
author = Strecker, A.
title = Ueber einen neuen aus Aldehyd - Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehenden Körper (p )
journal = Annalen der Chemie und Pharmazie
year = 1854
volume = 91
issue = 3
doi = 10.1002/jlac.18540910309
pages = 349–351 ] [Kendall, E. C.; McKenzie, B. F. "Organic Syntheses", Coll. Vol. 1, p.21 (1941); Vol. 9, p.4 (1929). ( [http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv1p0021 Article] )] [Clarke, H. T.; Bean, H. J. "Organic Syntheses", Coll. Vol. 2, p.29 (1943); Vol. 11, p.4 (1931). ( [http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/prep.asp?prep=cv2p0029 Article] )] The reaction can also be run with ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and an aldehyde.

Because of the relative simplicity of the reactants, the Strecker synthesis has been invoked by those studying both the origin of life and meteoritic amino acids. [cite book | last = Mason | first = Stephen | title = Chemical Evolution | publisher = Clarendon Press | date = 1991 | location = Oxford | pages = 236 – 237 | id = ISBN 0-19-855272-6] [cite journal | author = Sephton, Mark A. | title = Organic Compounds in Carbonaceous Meteorites | journal = Natural Product Reports | year = 2002 | volume = 19 | pages = 292 – 311 |url = http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/NP/article.asp?doi=b103775g | doi = 10.1039/b103775g]

Also named for Strecker are the Strecker degradation, which involves the conversion of amino acids into imines and then into ketones, and the Strecker sulfite alkylation.

References

External links

* [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Strecker Adolph Strecker ] at the German Wikipedia site
* [http://gorup.heim.at/Berichte/1872/0125-0131.html Adolph Strecker obituary] by Rudolf Wagner from "Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft", 1872, part V, pp. 125-131
* Obituary in the "Journal of the Chemical Society", 1872, volume 25, p. 353
* Adolph Strecker by B. Lepsius (1892), "Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie", volume 36, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot - entry for Strecker
* [http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/ziegler/history/chemists_tuebingen.htm Adolph Strecker] - brief biography and two pictures at Tübingen University
* [http://www.chempensoftware.com/reactions/RXN375.htm Strecker degradation] - with reactions and references
* [http://www.chempensoftware.com/reactions/RXN377.htm Strecker sulfite alkylation] - with reactions and references