Thomas J. Dodd

Infobox Senator | name=Thomas J. Dodd


jr/sr=United States Senator
state=Connecticut
party=Democratic
term=January 3, 1959 – January 2, 1971
preceded=William A. Purtell
succeeded=Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.
district2=1st
state2=Connecticut
term_start2=January 3, 1953
term_end2=January 3, 1957
preceded2=Abraham A. Ribicoff
succeeded2=Edwin H. May, Jr.
date of birth=birth date|1907|5|15|mf=y
place of birth=Willimantic, Connecticut
date of death=death date and age|1971|5|24|1907|5|15|mf=y
place of death=Old Lyme, Connecticut
spouse=Grace Murphy Dodd
religion=Roman Catholic

Thomas Joseph Dodd (May 15 1907 – May 24 1971) was a United States Senator and Representative from Connecticut, and the father of U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd.

Early life

Dodd was born in Norwich, New London County to Abigail Margaret O'Sullivan and Thomas Joseph Dodd, a building contractor; all four of his grandparents were immigrants from Ireland. [cite web | title = The Ancestors of Chris Dodd | first = Robert | last = Battle | url = http://www.wargs.com/political/dodd.html | date = | accessdate = 2007-09-04 ] He graduated from Providence College in 1930 with a degree in philosophy, and from Yale University Law School in 1933. In 1934, Dodd married Grace Murphy of Westerly, Rhode Island. They had six children.cite web | title = Thomas J. Dodd, 1907-1971 | url = http://www.lib.uconn.edu/online/research/speclib/ASC/exhibits/humanspirit/partone.html | work = Thomas J. Dodd Research Center | publisher = University of Connecticut | date = 2006-12-23 | accessdate = 2007-09-04 ]

He served as a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1933 and 1934, the highlight of his career there being his participation in an unsuccessful trap set for famed gangster John Dillinger. [Dodd, Thomas in "American National Biography", American Council of Learned Societies, 2000.] He was then Connecticut director of the National Youth Administration from 1935 to 1938. He was assistant to five successive United States Attorneys General (Homer Cummings, Frank Murphy, Robert Jackson, Francis Biddle, and Tom Clark) from 1938 to 1945.cite web | title = From Justice Jackson to Thomas J. Dodd to Nuremberg | url = http://www.roberthjackson.org/documents/RHJDoddtexttoSCHS.pdf | format = pdf | first = John Q. | last = Barrett | month = March | year = 2005 | accessdate = 2007-09-04 ]

As a special agent for the Attorney General, Dodd was basically a trial-level federal prosecutor. He worked primarily on criminal and civil liberties cases, including the prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1930s. In 1942 he was sent to Hartford to prosecute a major spy ring case in which five defendants were accused of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 by conspiring to gather and deliver U.S. Army, Navy and defense information to Germany or Japan. Four of the five pleaded guilty, but Dodd tried and won the conviction of the fifth, Reverend Kurt Emil Bruno Molzahn. [cite news | author = Associated Press | date = 1942-08-15 | title = Prosecutor Calls Kunze Liar and Nazi at Molzahn Trial | url = | work = | page = 4 | accessdate = ]

Dodd became vice chairman of the Board of Review and later executive trial counsel for the Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality at Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945 and 1946. He practiced law privately in Hartford, Connecticut, from 1947 to 1953.

Nuremberg Trials

Both Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, chief prosecutor for the U.S., and Dodd insisted upon a fair and legal trial to prosecute the Nazi war criminals. Dodd accepted Justice Jackson's offer to join him in Germany. Dodd expected the position to last only several months, but he wound up spending 15 months there. Dodd suggested Heidelberg as the location for the International Military Tribunal, since it had survived the war almost completely unscathed, but Nuremberg ended up being appropriate considering the Nazi leadership had signed its code into law in Nuremberg [cite speech | title = Prosecuting The Peace Of The World: The Experiences Of Thomas J. Dodd At The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-46 | first = Chris | last = Dodd | authorlink = Chris Dodd | date = 2005-02-15 | location = United States Supreme Court, Washington, D.C. | url = http://www.senate.gov/~dodd/press/Speeches/109_05/0215.htm | accessdate = 2007-09-04] . Nuremberg was in ruins. In October, 1945, Justice Jackson named Dodd to his senior Trial Board for the Nuremberg Trials, and later in 1946, named him Executive Trial Counsel, putting him in the number-two position at the trials. In the summer of 1946, Justice Jackson appointed Dodd as the acting Chief of Counsel while he returned to DC. Dodd finally returned to the U.S. in October 1946. He described the delegation as "an autopsy on history's most horrible catalogue of human crime." [cite book | last = Boyd | first = James | year = 1968 | title = Above the Law. The Rise and Fall of Senator Thomas J. Dodd | page = p. 12 | location = New York | publisher = The New American Library | oclc = 233961 ]

Dodd was very involved with the trials and had a reputation for his tough cross examinations. Dodd cross-examined defendants Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Walther Funk, Baldur von Schirach, Ernst Sauckel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart. In addition to cross examining, Dodd drafted indictments against the defendants, showed films of concentration camps, provided evidence of slave labor programs, and presented evidence of economic preparations by the Nazis for an aggressive war.

Dodd showed through his evidence that Ukrainian Overlord Eric Koch and defendant Polish Overlord Hans Frank were responsible for the plans to deport one million Poles for slave labor. [cite news | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 1945-12-12 | title = Ukraine Murder Chief Still Hunted by Allies | page = 4 ] Dodd also showed evidence that defendant Walther Funk turned the Reichsbank into a depository for gold teeth and other valuables seized from the concentration camp victims. Dodd showed a motion picture of the vaults in Frankfurt where allied troops found cases of these valuables, containing dentures, earrings, silverware and candelabra. [cite news | work = The Washington Post | date = 1946-05-08 | title = Funk Claims Aides Handled ‘Stained’ Gold | page = 2 ] Dodd had a flair for drama and showed many gruesome items of evidence, such as a shrunken, stuffed and preserved human head of one of the concentration camp victims that had been used as a paperweight by the commandant of Buchenwald Concentration Camp. [cite episode | title = The Nuremberg Trials | episodelink = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nuremberg/index.html/ | series = American Experience | network = PBS | airdate = 2006-01-30 | season = 18 | number = 6 | transcript = Transcript | transcripturl= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nuremberg/filmmore/pt.html ]

Final pleas were made on August 31, 1946, and the Tribunal announced its judgment in September 1946. Dodd assisted the Allied prosecuting team of convicting all but 3 of the defendants. Twenty of the 21 Nazis had claimed innocence, including Hermann Goering, whom Dodd had charged with ordering Reinhardt Heydrich to kill the Jews. [cite news | last = McLaughlin | first = Kathleen | date = 1946-09-01 | title = 20 of 21 Nazis Claim Innocence As Nuremberg Trial Is Concluded | work = The New York Times | page = 1 ] In addition to prosecuting the individual defendants, Dodd demanded in his summation to the Tribunal that all 6 of the indicted Nazi organizations be convicted of crimes against humanity, on the same grounds of the crimes against humanity ascribed to the individual defendants. These six organizations are the Leadership Corps, the Reich cabinet, the Gestapo, The Storm Troops (SA), the Armed Forces, and the Elite Guard (SS). Dodd felt that these organizations should not escape liability on the grounds that they were too large, part of a political party, etc. [cite news | work = The New York Times | date = 1946-08-30 | title = Convictions Asked for 6 Nazi Groups | page = 5 ]

Dodd was given several awards in recognition of his work at the Nuremberg trials. Justice Jackson awarded him the Medal of Freedom in July 1946 and President Truman awarded him the Certificate of Merit, which Justice Jackson personally delivered to him in Hartford in the fall of 1946. Dodd also received the Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion. In 1949, the Polish government had intended to award Dodd with a badge of honor called the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, but Dodd rejected the medal due to his commitment to human rights and views that the Polish government was imposing a tyranny similar to that imposed by the Nazis, and accepting an honor from the President of Poland would be like accepting one from the Nazis. [cite news | work = Chicago Daily Tribune | date = 1949-04-26 | title = Rejects Polish Badge of Honor as a Dishonor | page = 8 ] [cite news | work = The Washington Post | date = 1949-04-26 | title = Nazi Trial Prosecutor Rejects Polish Medal | page = 13 ]

Congress

Dodd was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives in 1952, and served two terms. He lost a Senate election in 1956 to Prescott S. Bush, but was elected in 1958 to Connecticut's other Senate seat and then re-elected in 1964.

Before becoming a U.S. senator, Dodd was hired to lobby for Guatemala in the United States for $50,000 a year by Guatemalan dictator Carlos Castillo Armas. [cite book | last = Gerassi | first = John | title = The Great Fear in Latin America | location = New York | publisher = Collier Books | origyear = 1965 | year = 1966 | page = 183 | oclc = 17447442 ]

As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, Dodd worked to restrict the purchase of mail order handguns, and later shotguns and rifles. These efforts culminated in the Gun Control Act of 1968, which Dodd introduced. [cite journal | last = Zimring | first = Franklin E. | url = http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Zimring68.htm | title = Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968 | journal = The Journal of Legal Studies | year = 1975 | volume = 4 | pages = 133 | issn = 0047-2530 | id = OCLC|1754648 | accessdate = 2007-03-13 | doi = 10.1086/467528 ]

Recently, with the discovery and publication of a letter from the Library of Congress to Senator Dodd from July 1968 confirming his request to have a series of Nazi laws translated from documents provided by Senator Dodd [Letter from Lewis C. Coffin (Law Librarian, Library of Congress) to the Honorable Thomas J. Dodd, July 18, 1968, http://www.jpfo.org/images02/handbill-thomasdodd.jpg] , controversy has arisen as to how much of the Gun Control Act of 1968 was taken directly from gun registration laws enacted and enforced by the Nazis in Germany and areas under Nazi control. [Zelman, Aaron, "GCA '68: What Your Politician Never Told You," Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership (http://www.jpfo.org/common-sense/cs34.htm)] It is believed that Senator Dodd obtained copies of the Nazi laws while serving as a prosecutor at Nuremberg. [Knox, Neal, "JPFO Proves Me Wrong: The 1968 Gun Control Act mirrors the Nazi gun laws of 1938," "Neal Knox Report" (http://www.hackcanada.com/blackcrawl/patriot/gun_laws_and_nazis_1.txt)]

In 1967 he was censured by the Senate for using campaign funds for personal purposes. In 1970, after suffering a heart attack, he chose not to run for re-election for the Senate, and the Democrats nominated Joseph Duffey to replace him. However, Dodd entered the race after the primary as an Independent. Taking just under a quarter of the vote, both he and Duffey lost to Lowell Weicker.

Death

Months after his defeat, Dodd died from a heart attack at his home. His son Christopher Dodd was elected to the Senate as a Connecticut Democrat in 1980.

Thomas J. Dodd Memorial Stadium in Norwich was named in his honor.

Portrayal in popular culture

Thomas J. Dodd has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions;
* Hrothgar Mathews in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production "Nuremberg"cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0208629/ | title = Nuremberg (2000) (TV) | accessdate = May 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = IMDb.com | pages = | language = English | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = ]
*Rupert Vansittart in the 2006 British television docudrama ""cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0814234/ | title = Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial (2006) (TV) | accessdate = May 20 | accessdaymonth = | accessmonthday = | accessyear = 2008 | author = | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | year = | month = | format = | work = | publisher = IMDb.com | pages = | language = English | doi = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = ]

Protest singer Phil Ochs references Dodd in his song "Draft Dodger Rag": "I believe in God and Senator Dodd and keeping old Castro down."

External links

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Footnotes

Persondata
NAME=Dodd, Thomas Joseph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Senator from Connecticut and father of Chris Dodd
DATE OF BIRTH=May 15, 1907
PLACE OF BIRTH=Willimantic, Connecticut, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH=May 24, 1971
PLACE OF DEATH=Old Lyme, Connecticut, U.S.