Pestarella tyrrhena

Taxobox | name = "Pestarella tyrrhena"
status = lc
status_ref = [cite web |url=http://www.legjislacionishqiptar.gov.al/doc.jsp?doc=docs/Urdher%20Nr%20146%20Dat%C3%AB%2010-05-2007.htm |title=Për Miratimin e Listës së Kuqe të Florës dhe Faunës |publisher= |date=2007-05-08 |publisher=Qendra e Publikimeve Zyrtare, Government of Albania]

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image_width = 240px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
subphylum = Crustacea
classis = Malacostraca
ordo = Decapoda
familia = Callianassidae
genus = "Pestarella"
species = "P. tyrrhena"
binomial = "Pestarella tyrrhena"
binomial_authority = (Petagna, 1792)
synonyms = "Callianassa laticauda" Otto, 1821 cite web |url=http://www.tmu.uit.no/crustikon/Decapoda/Decapoda2/Species_index/Callianassa_tyrrhena.htm |title="Pestarella tyrrhena" (Petagna, 1792) |work=Crustikon — crustacean photographic website |publisher=Tromsø Museum — University of Tromsø |date=2003 |author=Cédric d'Udekem d'Acoz]
"Callianassa stebbingi" Borradaile, 1903
"Callianassa tyrrhena" (Petagna, 1792)

"Pestarella tyrrhena" (formerly "Callianassa tyrrhena") is a species of thalassinidean crustacean ("ghost shrimp" or "mud shrimp") which grows to a length of 70 mm (3 in). It lives in burrows in shallow sandy parts of the sea-bed in the Mediterranean Sea and northern Atlantic Ocean. It is the most common thalassinidean in the Mediterranean cite journal |quotes=no |author=Nguyen Ngoc-Ho |year=2003 |title=European and Mediterranean Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda) |journal=Zoosystema |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/zoosyst/z03n3a5.pdf |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=439–555] , and has been used as bait by fishermen for at least 200 years .

Description

"P. tyrrhena" is a small crustacean, up to 70 mm (3 in) long cite book |url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=74 |author=Lipke Holthuis |chapter="Callianassa tyrrhena" |title=FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 13: Marine Lobsters of the World |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |year=1991 |pages=292 pp |id=ISBN 92-5-103027-8] with a soft exoskeleton apart from two large, unequal claws. It is whitish or greenish-grey, with pink or blue spots cite web |url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/crustacea.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=157 |title="Callianassa tyrrhena" |work=Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Crustacea |author=M. J. de Kluijver & S. S. Ingalsuo |year=1999 |publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam] . Because of its burrowing lifestyle, "P. tyrrhena" has small eyes on short stalks, and its maxillipeds can form an operculum; the telson is very short, and the rostrum is almost entirely absent .

Larval development is rapid and involves few stages. Eggs hatch into a zoeal stage, which is followed by a second zoea and then a megalopa stage before adulthood. This rapid development allows the larvae to settle down into their adult habitat of relatively undisturbed muddy substrates before they have travelled too far as planktonic larvae. Larval development is retarded by low salinities and aided by warmer temperatures, giving "P. tyrrhena" a shorter reproductive season in the north of its range than in the south [cite journal |quotes=no |author=Maria Thessalou-Legaki |year=1990 |title=Advanced larval development of "Callianassa tyrrhena" (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) and the effect of environmental factors |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=659–666 |doi=10.2307/1548410] .

Distribution and ecology

"P. tyrrhena" was first described from the Tyrrhenian Sea , and is found throughout the Mediterranean as well as in the Atlantic Ocean from Mauritania and the Canary Islands north to Ireland, in the Kattegat, and in the North Sea as far as southern Norway . Related species occur in the Black Sea , and "P. tyrrhena" avoids water of low salinity, such as estuaries and the Baltic Sea .

The burrows of "P. tyrrhena" may be up to 62 cm (2 ft) deep. They comprise a spiral central shaft up to 20 mm wide, with one or more shallow U–shaped shafts (up to 11 mm wide) which lead to the surface of the sediment where they emerge as holes or funnel–shaped depressions. These shafts may be linked by further sections, and a number of side–chambers are found filled with seagrass. The overall volume of the burrow may reach 300 ml [cite journal |quotes=no |author=Peter C. Dworschak |title=The burrows of "Callianassa tyrrhena" (Petagna 1792) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) |journal=Marine Ecology |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |year=2001 |pages=155–166 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/mae/2001/00000022/F0020001/art00748 |doi=10.1046/j.1439-0485.2001.00748.x] . New tunnels are continually opened and old ones filled in cite book |url=http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/3Zoo/proceedings.pdf |chapter=Biology of Mediterranean and Caribbean Thalassinidea (Decapoda) |author=Peter C. Dworschak |editor=A. Tamaki |title=Proceedings of the Symposium on "Ecology of large bioturbators in tidal flats and shallow sublittoral sediments — from individual behavior to their role as ecosystem engineers". November 1–2, 2003, Nagasaki |publisher=Nagasaki University |pages=15–22] . "P. tyrrhena" feeds directly on the sediment , and receives nutrition from the debris collected in the debris chambers, as well as from the foraminiferans and algae which live on the walls of the burrow [cite journal |quotes=no |author=D. Abed-Navandi, H. Koller & P. C. Dworschak |year=2005 |title=Nutritional ecology of thalassinidean shrimps constructing burrows with debris chambers: The distribution and use of macronutrients and micronutrients |journal=Marine Biology Research |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=202–215 |doi=10.1080/17451000510019123] . The activity of "P. tyrrhena" leads the walls of the burrow to be enriched with three times the ambient number of nematodes and more than 100 times the number of foraminiferans in the surrounding sediments [cite journal |quotes=no |author=H. Koller, P. C. Dworschak & D. Abed-Navandi |title=Burrows of Pestarella tyrrhena (Decapoda: Thalassinidea): hot spots for Nematoda, Foraminifera and bacterial densities |year=2006 |volume=86 |pages=1113–1122 |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |doi=10.1017/S0025315406014093] .

"P. tyrrhena" is parasitised by the isopod "Ione thoracica" and the barnacle "Parthenopea subterranea" cite journal |quotes=no |author=Peter C. Dworschak |title=Observations on the biology of the burrowing mud shrimps "Callianassa tyrrhena" and "C. candida" (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) |journal=Journal of Natural History |year=1998 |volume=32 |pages=1535 1548 |issue=10–11 |doi=10.1516/X595-672G-6504-7160 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0278-0372%28199011%2910%3A4%3C659%3AALDOCT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-1] .

References