Appalachian balds

In the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, balds are mountain summits or crests covered primarily by thick vegetation of native grasses or shrubs occurring in areas where heavy forest growth would be expected.

Balds are found primarily in the Southern Appalachians, where the climate is too warm to support an alpine zone—upper areas where trees fail to grow due to short or non-existent growing seasons—even at the highest elevations. [Peter White, "Balds," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 47.] The difference between a treeless summit, such as Mount Washington in New Hampshire, and a bald, such as Gregory Bald in the Great Smoky Mountains, is that a lack of trees is "normal" for the climatic conditions of the former (i.e., high elevation and colder latitude) but "abnormal" for the climatic conditions of the latter (high elevation, but warmer latitude). One notable example of what makes southern balds paradoxical can be found at Roan Mountain, where Roan High Knob (el. 6,285 ft/1,915 m) is coated with a dense spruce forest, whereas an adjacent summit, Round Bald (el. 5,826 ft/1,776 m), is almost entirely devoid of trees. Thus, despite having nearly identical climatic conditions (high elevation, warmer latitude), one summit is forested whereas the other is not.

Why some summits are bald and some are not is a mystery, although scientists have come up with several hypotheses (see below).

Types

Two types of balds are found in the Appalachians:

*Grassy balds are relatively blunt summits covered by a dense sward of native grasses. Two types have been identified: those completely covered by grasses and those with a scattered overstory of mixed hardwoods with a grassy herbaceous layer. The grass of a grassy bald is typically mountain oat grass ("Danthonia compressa"). Grassy balds are normally found at the summit of hills, but can also be found on broad upper slopes. [Peter White, "Balds," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 47-48.]

*Heath balds are typically found along narrow ridges and mountain crests, and consist of dense evergreen shrubs, especially rhododendron. While the formation of grassy balds is a mystery, heath balds are often located in areas where the soil experiences heavy drainage or is highly acidic, which would complicate the growth of large wooded plants. [Peter White, "Balds," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 47-48.]

Origin and dynamics

The character and distribution of Appalachian balds remained stable from the time the first naturalists penetrated the region, until forestry regulations no longer permitted annual pasturing of local cattle. How and why a summit develops into a grassy bald is unknown; they represent "an ecological enigma and a conservation dilemma". [Peter D. Weigl, Travis W. Knowles. (1995) "Megaherbivores and Southern Appalachian Grass Balds" "Growth and Change" 26.3:365–382. ] Weigl and Knowles note that "the presence of both rare, endemic plants and northern relicts requiring open habitat suggests a long evolutionary history" and offer a scenario in which grazing pressure of the giant herbivores of the Pleistocene retained the open tundra habitat as the Wisconsin glaciation retreated far to the north. With the arrival of the paleoindians and the disappearance of the megaherbivores, grazing pressure was maintained by deer and elk, and then by the grazing animals of European settlers. Some recent studies have attempted to uncover the vegetation history of some balds through analysis of the soil's organic component, since grasses leave a characteristic carbon-13 fingerprint. [Knoepp, Jennifer D.; Tieszen, Larry L.; Fredlund, Glen G. (1998). "Assessing the vegetation history of three Southern Appalachian balds through soil organic matter analysis" Res. Pap. SRS-13. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 12 p] While there is some evidence that grassy balds have natural origins, the forest quickly started to reclaim the balds once large-scale livestock grazing was eliminated by the creation of national parks and national forests. Grassy balds such as Gregory Bald and Andrews Bald in the Great Smokies and the balds in the Roan Highlands are currently maintained as bald areas by the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service. [Peter White, "Balds," "Encyclopedia of Appalachia" (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 47-48.]

The mountaintop meadows called the "Southern Balds" form a distinctive stretch for hikers of the Appalachian Trail. [ [http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.asp?trailid=HGD044-001 Appalachian Trail: Southern Balds Section] ]

List of major Appalachian Balds

Notes

ee also

*Sods

External links

* [http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/cede_roanmt/3 Roan Mountain Highlands]
* [http://www.cs.utk.edu/~dunigan/landforms/balds.php Tennessee balds] GPS data and maps