- Linking and intrusive R
Linking R and intrusive R are phonological phenomena that occur in many non-rhotic dialects of English. In all non-rhotic dialects, the phoneme IPA|/ɹ/ does not appear in the coda of a
syllable (so "spar" is pronounced the same as "spa"); in dialects with linking and/or intrusive R, however, IPA|/ɹ/ may appear at a word boundary before a vowel-initial word.Linking R
The linking R occurs in most (but not all) non-rhotic dialects of English. In dialects that possess linking R, if a word that ends with IPA|/ɹ/ precedes a word that begins with a vowel, IPA|/ɹ/ will be realized at the onset of the next word. Thus, for example, the R in "here" would not be pronounced in "here they are" (because it is followed by a consonant), but it would be pronounced in "here I am". Likewise, the R at the end of "far" would only be pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, as in "far away" or "far off". In other words, in a non-rhotic dialect with linking R, IPA| [ɹ] is retained only if it is followed by a vowel, including across word boundaries.
Intrusive R
Some (but not all) dialects that possess linking R also possess intrusive R. In a dialect with intrusive R, an epenthetic IPA| [ɹ] is added after a word that ends in a non-
high vowel or glide if the next word begins with a vowel, regardless of whether the first word historically ended with IPA|/ɹ/ or not. For example, intrusive R would appear in "Asia"IPA| [ɹ] " and Africa" or "the idea"IPA| [ɹ] " of it": "Asia" and "idea" did not historically end in IPA|/ɹ/, but the IPA| [ɹ] is insertedepenthetic ally to prevent a hiatus. Intrusive R also occurs within words before certain suffixes, such as "draw"IPA| [ɹ] "ing" or "withdraw"IPA| [ɹ] "al". This is now so common inEngland that by1997 the linguistJohn C. Wells considered it objectively part ofReceived Pronunciation , but he noted that it was still stigmatized as an incorrect pronunciation, [ [http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?, by J.C. Wells, UCL] ] as it is or was in some other standardized non-rhotic accents.Examples of intrusive R
* "I saw(r) a film today, oh boy" (
The Beatles , "A Day in the Life ")
* "All of a sudden I saw(r) a new morning" (Bee Gees , "Saw a New Morning")
* "His face is a sad sight, vodka(r) and snake bite. (The Streets , "The Irony Of It All ")
* "The law(r) is the law!" (Nigel Terry asKing Arthur in the 1981 film "Excalibur")
* "Brenda(r) and Eddie" (Billy Joel , "Scenes from an Italian Restaurant ")
* "When Joanna(r) is here" (McFly , "Little Joanna "}
* "Vodka(r) and tonics" (Elton John , "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road")
* "The idea(r) of perfection holds me" (The Cure , "Faith")
* "In a champagne supernova(r) in the sky" (Oasis, "Champagne Supernova ")
* "Casanova(r) in Hell" (Pet Shop Boys , "Casanova in Hell")
* "There's an orchestra(r) in May (The Servant, "Orchestra")
* "I wanna(r) I wanna(r) I wanna be adored" (The Stone Roses , "I Wanna Be Adored ")
* "Brimful of Asha(r) on the 45" and "Illuminate the main streets and the cinema(r) aisles" (Cornershop , "Brimful of Asha ")
* "It's Santana(r) again, steppin', steppin' out." RapperJuelz Santana in singer Chris Brown's 2006 single,Run It .
* "Look, mama(r), I love you" (Howard Jones, "Look Mama ")
* "She's coming up from Florida(r), isn't she?" (Michael Caine in the movie "Dressed To Kill ")
* "To push too far your dreams are, china(r) in your hand" (T'Pau "China in your hand ")References
ee also
*
Diaeresis
*Hiatus (linguistics)
*Liaison (French)
*Sandhi
*R-colored vowel
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