Landslip Hill

Landslip Hill, near Tapanui, in Southland, in the South Island of New Zealand is a debris flow feature associated with the Manuherikia Group of fluvial quartz sandstones. Geologists have described the fossil-bearing rocks as forming part of a sequence of "siliclastic fluvial deltaic sands, conglomerates and silty clays" (Lindqvist & Pocknall 1977).

Fossil beds

The formation is well-known in botanists for its prominent plant fossils of Late Oligocene to Miocene age. The first collection was made at Landslip Hill in 1862 while Sir James Hector was the director of the Geological Survey of Otago. Hector returned to the Landslip Hill deposit in 1869 to make further collections, and in 1884 he proposed the name 'Landslip Hill beds' for the quartz arenite, which is now regarded as being related to the Gore Formation following the work of Lindqvist (1983) and Pocknall (1982). "The plant remains include uncompressed three dimensional logs, stems, roots and rootlets, and a variety of fruits, some of which can be assigned to modern New Zealand taxa, and others which are no longer present in the local flora" (Cox and Smith Lyttle 2003:9-10). Recent finds include fossils of the Casuarina genus (Campbell and Holden 1984:160-161).

Claims of Impact Origin

Some have claimed that Landslip Hill is an impact crater; but reliable sources categorically deny this. [Goff et al, 2003:803.] Duncan Steel, of the Anglo-Australian Observatory and the University of Adelaide, has suggested that the feature is the remnant of a bolide (asteroid or comet) impact that occurred about 1200 CE. Steel supports his hypothesis with a Māori lament that, he claims, centers on raging fires from the sky, accompanied by tempestuous winds and upheavals in the earth. [Steel and Snow 1992] Others have described the feature as "600 by 900 meters wide and 130 meters deep, and surrounded by a zone of fallen trees, 40 to 80 kilometers wide, dating from eight centuries ago". [Verschuur, p. 109.]

However, James Goff, Keri Hulme, and Bruce McFadgen (2003), after considering the arguments put forward by Steel and others, find 'no evidence,either Maori or geological, for a 15th century meteor impact in New Zealand'. They make the point that 'invoking legends or particular translations of Maori place-names to “fit” a known event must be undertaken with considerable care and suitable provisos', and characterise this type of reasoning as 'attempts to creatively rewrite New Zealand’s cultural and tectonic past'. They also deal (p.801) with the Māori lament quoted in Steel and Snow, disputing both his translation and his interpretation. [Goff et al, 2003:795, 797.] [Steel and Snow (1992) quote three lines from a Māori lament and offer translations of local placenames, suggesting these are connected to the impact event, but offer no explanation of how they arrived at these conclusions; notably they fail to explain how a lament that was composed on the death of a 19th Century North Island chief could possibly relate to the so-called Tapanui crater. Verschuur claims that Otarehua is a placename near Tapanui and that it refers to the Maori name for Antares, and that this may be an indication that the bolide impact happened in the June Taurid Meteor Stream (Verschuur, p. 109). However, Goff et al 2003 provide refutations of these translations; they specifically mention Otarehua (Goff et al, 2003:800, section g).]

Notes

References

*cite web |author=Campbell, J.D., and A.M. Holden |date=1984 |title=Miocene casuarinacean fossils from Southland and Central Otago, New Zealand |work=New Zealand Journal of Botany, 1984 |publisher=Vol. 22: 159-167 |url=http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1984/13.pdf |accessdate=2007-08-30
*James Goff, Keri Hulme, and Bruce McFadgen, 2003. URL: [http://www.rsnz.org/publish/jrsnz/2003/042-lo.pdf Mystic Fires of Tamaatea: Attempts to creatively rewrite New Zealand’s cultural and tectonic past] . "Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand", Volume 33, Number 4, December 2003. Pp 795–809.
*cite web |author=Cox, Simon, and B. Smith Lyttle |date=2003 |title=Geological Society of New Zealand Inc, 2003 Annual Conference Field Trip Guides |work=Geological Society of New Zealand |publisher=Miscellaneous Publication 116B |url=http://www.gsnz.org.nz/gs_downloads/fieldtrips/MP116B_FT9.pdf |accessdate=2007-08-30
*Lindqvist, J. K. 1983: Lignite deposition in deltaic plain environments of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene Gore Formation, east Southland. "15th Pacific Science Congress vol. 1": abstract.
* Lindqvist, J. K. and D.T. Pocknall, 1983: Stratigraphy and palynology of Late Oligocene to Miocene lignite bearing sediments, eastern Southland. "15th Pacific Science Congress tour guide Bf5".
*Pocknall, D. T. 1982: Palynology of late Oligocene Pomahaka Estuarine Bed sediments, Waikoikoi, Southland, New Zealand. "New Zealand Journal of Botany 20":263-287.
* Steel, Duncan, and Peter Snow, 1992. URL: [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1991LPICo.765..206S&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf "The Tapanui Region of New Zealand: A 'Tunguska' of 800 years ago?"] In: "Asteroids, Comets, Meteors." Houston Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1992. Pp. 569–572.
* Verschuur, Gerrit. "Impact! The Threat of Comets and Asteroids." Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.