L'Origine du monde

Painting_150px|

---

dim = 320px
title=L'Origine du monde
artist=Gustave Courbet
year=1866
type=Oil on canvas
height=46
width=55
museum=Musée d'Orsay, Paris

"L’Origine du monde" ("The Origin of the World") is an oil on canvas painted by Gustave Courbet in 1866. Measuring about 46 cm by 55 cm (18.1 by 21.7 inches), it depicts the close-up view of the genitals and abdomen of a naked woman, lying on a bed and spreading her legs. The framing of the scene, between the thighs and the chest, emphasizes the eroticism of the work.

History

Identity of the model

At the time the painting was done, Courbet’s favourite model was a young woman, Joanna Hiffernan, also known as "Jo". Her lover at the time was James McNeill Whistler, an American painter and disciple of Courbet.

Courbet did another painting in 1866, "La belle Irlandaise" ("Portrait of Jo"), whose model was Joanna Hiffernan. During his whole career, Courbet did four portraits of Hiffernan. She was probably the model for "L’Origine du monde", which might explain Courbet’s and Whistler's brutal separation a short while later. Whistler then returned to the United States, leaving a will in favour of Hiffernan. In spite of Hiffernan’s red hair contrasting with the darker pubic hair of "L’Origine du monde", the hypothesis that Hiffernan was the model for it prevails.

In her novel "J’étais l’origine du monde" ("I was the Origin of the world"), published in 2000, French writer Christine Orban takes sides, imagining how the narrator, Joanna Hiffernan, was Courbet’s lover and the model for the famous painting. Bernard Teyssèdre, in "Le roman de l’origine" ("The Novel of the Origin", 1996), whose main character is the painting itself, had already suggested that Joanna Hiffernan was the model.

Owners

The commission for "L’Origine du monde" is believed to have come from Khalil-Bey, a Turkish diplomat, former ambassador of the Ottoman Empire in Athens and Saint Petersburg who had just moved to Paris. Sainte-Beuve introduced him to Courbet and he ordered a painting to add to his personal collection of erotic pictures, which already included "" ("The Sleepers"), for which it is supposed that Hiffernan was one of the models.

After Khalil-Bey’s finances were ruined by gambling, the painting subsequently passed through a series of private collections. It was first bought during the sale of the Khalil-Bey collection in 1868, by antique dealer Antoine de la Narde. Edmond de Goncourt hit upon it in an antique shop in 1889, hidden behind a wooden pane decorated with the painting of a castle or a church in a snowy landscape. According to Robert Fernier, Hungarian collector Baron Ferenc Hatvany bought it at the Bernheim-Jeune gallery in 1910 and took it with him to Budapest. Towards the end of the Second World War the painting was looted by Soviet troops but ransomed by Hatvany who, when he emigrated, was allowed to take only one art work with him, and he took "L'Origine" to Paris. [ [http://www.artnewsonline.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2442 ARTNews; The Mysterious Journey of an Erotic Masterpiece] ]

In 1955 "L’Origine du monde" was sold at auction for 1.5 million francs. Its new owner was the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Together with his wife, actress Sylvia Bataille, he installed it in their country house in Guitrancourt. Lacan asked André Masson, his stepbrother, to build a double bottom frame and draw another picture thereon. Masson painted a surrealist, allusive version of "L’Origine du monde". The New York public had the opportunity to admire "L’Origine du monde" in 1988 during the "Courbet Reconsidered" show at the Brooklyn Museum; the painting was also included in the exhibition "Gustave Courbet" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2008. After Lacan died in 1981, the French Minister of Economy and Finances agreed to settle the family’s inheritance tax bill through the transfer of the work ("dation en lieu" in French law) to the Musée d'Orsay, an act which was finalized in 1995.

Impact of realism

"L’Origine du monde" was painted in an era when moral values were being questioned. By the very nature of its realistic, graphic eroticism, the painting still has the power to shock.

Provocative work

During the 19th century, the display of the nude body underwent a revolution whose main activists were Courbet and Manet. Courbet rejected academic painting and its smooth, idealised nudes, but he also directly recriminated the hypocritical social conventions of the Second Empire, where eroticism and even pornography were acceptable in mythological or oneiric paintings.

Courbet later insisted he never lied in his paintings, and his realism pushed the limits of what was considered presentable. With "L'Origine du monde" he has made even more explicit the eroticism of Manet's Olympia. Maxime Du Camp, in a harsh tirade, reported his visit of the work’s purchaser, and his sight of a painting “giving realism’s last word”.

Influence

In February 1994, the novel "Adorations perpétuelles" ("Perpetual Adorations") by Jacques Henric reproduced "L’Origine du monde" on its cover. Police visited several French bookshops to have them withdraw the book from their windows. A few proprietors, such as the Rome bookshop in Clermont-Ferrand, maintained the book, but others, such as Les Sandales d’Empédocle in Besançon, complied, and some voluntarily removed it. The author was saddened by these events: “A few years ago, bookshops were anti-establishment. When the Ministry of Interior, in 1970, banned Pierre Guyotat’s book, "Eden, Eden, Eden", bookshops had been resistance places. Today, they anticipate censorship....”

Although moral standards and resulting taboos regarding the artistic display of nudity have changed since Courbet, owing especially to photography and cinema, the painting remained provocative. Its arrival at the Musée d'Orsay caused high excitement. A guard was assigned to the monitoring of this sole work, to observe the reactions of the public. Fact|date=August 2007

The Serbian performance artist Tanja Ostojić parodied the work in her so-called [http://www.datum.at/0106/static/0106datum/images/art3.jpg"EU Panties"] poster in 2005.

Filmography

*Jean Paul Fargier, "L’Origine du monde", 1996, 26 minutes [cite web
url = http://www.arte.tv/fr/art-musique/Gustave-Courbet/A-l-antenne/1717472.html
title = Documentaire de Jean-Paul Fargier
accessdate = 2008-07-14
date = Date|2007-11-02
publisher = arte tv
language = French]

References

*cite journal|first= Philippe|last=Dagen|title=Le Musée d’Orsay dévoile « L’Origine du monde »|journal=Le Monde, Date|1995-06-21
*cite journal|first= Philippe|last=Dagen|title=Sexe, peinture et secret|journal=Le Monde, Date|1996-10-22
*cite book|first=Maxime|last=Du Camp|title=Les Convulsions de Paris|year=1878
*cite book|first=Isabelle Enaud|last=Lechien|title=James Whistler|publisher=ACR Édition
*cite book|first=Stéphane |last=Guégan|coauthors=Michèle Haddad|title=L’ABCdaire de Courbet|publisher=Flammarion
*cite journal|first=Florence|last=Noiville|title=Le retour du puritanisme|journal=Le Monde, Date|1994-03-25
*cite book|first=Thierry |last=Savatier|title=L'Origine du monde, histoire d'un tableau de Gustave Courbet|location=Paris|publisher=Bartillat|year=2006
*cite book|first=Thomas |last=Schlesser|chapter=L’Origine du monde|title=Dictionnaire de la pornographie|location=Paris|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|year=2005
*cite book|first=Bernard |last=Teyssèdre|title=Le roman de l'Origine", Paris|publisher=Gallimard|year=1996