Kazimierz Dąbrowski

Kazimierz Dąbrowski (September 1, 1902, Klarowo - December 26, 1980, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish psychologist, psychiatrist, and physician. Dabrowski developed the theory of Positive Disintegration, His theory of positive disintegration shows that a persons development is caused by experiences that the person has accumulated in his life. Disintegration means the maturing of thoughts, and it is positive since the disintegration changes your personality to a more developed level.

Dabrowski was dedicated to the field of psychology all his life. He established a rehabilitation center in Goraszka, near Warsaw for patients who suffered mental disorders after experiencing difficult life situations. He did not deal with physically retard patients (those who were born with a condition that caused their problem). It was his life long research at this facility that has supplied him with information that has helped his shape his theories.

Dabrowski developed his theories on a number of ideas:• That our lower animal instincts (first factor) must be inhibited and transformed into "higher" forces for us to be Human (this ability to transform our instincts is what separates us from animals). • That the common initial personality integration, based upon socialization (second factor), does not reflect true personality. • At the initial level of integration, there is little internal conflict as when one “goes along with the group,” there is little sense of individual wrong doing. External conflicts often relate to the blockage of social goals – career frustrations for example. The social mores and values prevail with little question or conscious examination. • True personality must be based upon a system of values that are consciously and volitionally chosen by the person to reflect their own individual sense of "how life ought to be" and their "personality ideal" — the ideal person they feel they "ought to be." • The lower animal instincts and the forces of peer groups and socialization are inferior to the autonomous self (personality) constructed by the conscious person. • To break down the initial integration, crises and disintegrations are needed, usually provided by life experience. • These disintegrations are positive if the person can achieve positive and developmental solutions to the situation. • "Unilevel crises" are not developmental as the person can only choose between equal alternatives (go left or go right?). • A new type of perception involves "multilevelness," a vertical view of life that compares lower versus higher alternatives and now allows the individual to choose a higher resolution to a crisis over other available, but lower, alternatives — the developmental solution. • "Positive disintegration" is a vital developmental process. • Dabrowski developed the idea of "developmental potential" to describe the forces needed to achieve autonomous personality development. • Developmental potential includes several factors including innate abilities and talents, "overexcitability" and the "third factor." • Overexcitability is a measure of an individual’s level of nervous response. Dabrowski found that the exemplars he studied all displayed an overly sensitive nervous system, also making them prone to angst, depression and anxiety - psychoneuroses in Dabrowski's terms, a very positive and developmental feature. • The third factor is a measure of an individual's drive toward autonomy. • Dabrowski's approach is very interesting philosophically as it is Platonic, reflecting the bias of Plato toward essence — an individual's essence is a critical determinant of his or her developmental course in life. However, Dabrowski also added a major existential aspect as well, what one depends upon the anxieties felt and on how one resolves the day to day challenges one faces. Essence must be realized through an existential and experiential process of development. The characterization advanced by Kierkegaard of "Knights of faith" may be compared to Dabrowski’s autonomous individual. • Reviewed the role of logic and reasoning in development and concludes that intellect alone does not fully help us know what to do in life. Incorporates Jean Piaget's views of development into a broader scheme guided by emotion. Emotion (how one feels about something) is the more accurate guide to life's major decisions. • When multilevel and autonomous development is achieved, a secondary integration is seen reflecting the mature personality state. The individual has no inner conflict; they are in internal harmony as their actions reflect their deeply felt hierarchy of values. • Rejected Maslow's description of self-actualization (Dabrowski was a personal friend and correspondent of Maslow's). Actualization of an undifferentiated human self is not a developmental outcome in Dabrowski's terms. Dabrowski applied a multilevel (vertical) approach to self and saw the need to become aware of and to inhibit and reject the lower instinctual aspects of the intrinsic human self (aspects that Maslow would have us "embrace without guilt") and to actively choose and assemble higher elements into a new unique self - this process is what differentiates Man from the Animals. Dabrowski would have us differentiate the initial self into higher and lower aspects, as we define them, and to reject the lower and actualize the higher in creating our unique personality.

The =Main works=

* "Nerwowość dzieci i młodzieży" (1935)
* "Społeczno-wychowawcza psychiatria dziecięca" (1959)
* "O dezintegracji pozytywnej" (1964)
* "Positive disintegration" (1964)
* "Personality-shaping through positive disintegration" (1967)
* "Mental Growth Through Positive Disintegration" (1970)
* "Psychoneurosis Is Not an Illness" (1970)
* "Existential thoughts and aphorisms" (1972) (Paul Cienin-Pseudonym)
* "Fragments from the diary of a madman" (1972) (Pawel Cienin-Pseudonym)
* "Myśli i aforyzmy egzystencjalne" (1972) (Paweł Cienin-Pseudonym)
* "The dynamics of concepts" (1973)
* "Trud istnienia" (1975)
* "Dezintegracja pozytywna" (1979)
* "W poszukiwaniu zdrowia psychicznego" (1989)

A thorough presentation of his theory at: http://members.shaw.ca/positivedisintegration/

:med-bio-stub