James Marjoribanks

Infobox Ambassador
honorific-prefix =Sir
name =James Marjoribanks
honorific-suffix =KCMG

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imagesize =180px
caption = Marjoribanks in 1965

Sir James Alexander Milne Marjoribanks KCMG (May 29, 1911 – January 29, 2003) was a career diplomat in the British Foreign Service and became British ambassador to the European Economic Community. He presented Britain's application to join the European Community in 1967 and was instrumental in this application becoming successful.

Background and family life

James Marjoribanks was born in Colinton, near Edinburgh, Scotland, the third son of Thomas Marjoribanks, a minister in the Presbyterian Church of Scotland [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sir-james-marjoribanks-729721.html “Sir James Marjoribanks” (Obituary)] , "The Independent", 2002-02-04. Retrieved on 2008-10-03. ] “Obituary - Sir James Marjoribanks - Diplomat who handed over Britain's successful application to the EEC”, "The Times", 2002-02-08. ] , and Elizabeth Logan. James Marjoribanks’ father Thomas and his brother William were respectively heads of the lowland Clan Marjoribanks [Marjoribanks, Roger (Editor). [http://www3.sympatico.ca/mjbnks/JIssue2.html The Marjoribanks Journal Number 2] , [1994-01-01] . Accessed on [2008-10-04] ] . James Marjoribanks attended two of Edinburgh’s famous public schools (i.e. private schools) - Merchiston Castle School and Edinburgh Academy.

In order to prepare for his entrance into Edinburgh University where he was to study modern languages, Marjoribanks spent 1927-28 in Paris and at the Convitto Maschile Valdese in Torre Pellice, Italy”Portrait Gallery: Sir James Alexander Milne Marjoribanks KCMG, director of the Distillers Company Limited”, "The DCL Gazette", p.6, 1974-04-01 Biography of Sir James in the house journal of The Distillers Company Limited] where he became fluent in Italian. This was to prove useful to him later. He graduated from Edinburgh University with a first class honours Master of Arts (Scotland) “James Marjoribanks” (Obituary), "The Herald", 2002-02-01.] in 1932 and then studied German further in Bonn and Tübingen, Germany. He stayed for four months with a German newspaper proprietor’s family which coincided with the accession to power of Adolf Hitler in January 1933. Marjoribanks noted that the general attitude was “We’ve tried everything else, so we might as well try Adolf. If he’s no good we’ll get rid of him.” But, he also noted, it wasn’t as easy as that. After the war, Marjoribanks discovered that a bomb had destroyed both the house and the parents. Two of the three sons had died on the Eastern Front (World War II).

Marjoribanks passed the British Foreign Service (later called the Foreign and Commonwealth Office) exams in 1933 and was posted as a vice-consul in the China Consular Service in 1934 [http://news.scotsman.com/obituaries/Sir-James-Marjoribanks.2299851.jp “Sir James Marjoribanks” (Obituary)] , "The Scotsman", 2002-02-04. Retrieved on 2008-10-03. ] .

Diplomatic life

China (1934-38)

Marjoribanks spent much of his first two years in China learning Standard Mandarin which he quickly spoke fluently much to the admiration of his colleagues. He found that it was not difficult to make oneself understood fairly quickly in Mandarin, as there is little in the way of orthodox grammar, no alphabet, no genders, no inflexions - only a series of sounds portrayed by ideographs. But there were many pitfalls in the sounds.

At a consular cocktail party, he was asked by the first secretary to mix the cocktails beforehand. Since Marjoribanks had grown up in a Scottish manse in the 1920s he knew nothing about mixing cocktails. So he liberally added portions from all the bottles of drinks available into the cocktail bowl. The cocktail was a great success. Afterwards, the first secretary said "Devilishly good cocktail, James!" and asked for the recipe. Marjoribanks replied gravely that the recipe was a “family secret!” Denman, Roy. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,644956,00.html “Sir James Marjoribanks - British diplomat with an early vision of his country's role in Europe” (Obituary)] , "The Guardian", 2002-02-05. Retrieved on 2008-10-03. ]

He had become engaged to Sonya Stanley Alder (sister of the portrait painter and author Vera Stanley Alder) in the UK and was allowed to send for her at the end of his two years probationary period. Sonya and James were married in the embassy chapel on 29 December, 1936. The British ambassador, Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen (who later, as ambassador to Turkey, was notorious because of the German spy “Cicero” Elyesa Bazna) gave the bride away [”At Yesterday’s Wedding”, "The Peiping Chronicle", 1936-12-30, description of the wedding of James Marjoribanks and Sonya Stanley-Alder at the British Embassy in Peking.] . They were married until Sonya’s death in 1981.

In 1938, Marjoribanks was posted to Hankou where the Chiang Kai-shek government had set up its temporary headquarters after the fall of Nanjing. James noted that one of the last dispatches the Chinese government received in Nanjing from the British Embassy while the city was already burning and the Rape of Nanjing was taking place, was that “In future the import of grey squirrels into the United Kingdom is forbidden.” There was a courteous acknowledgement from the Chinese Foreign office with an assurance that the information had been referred to the appropriate department. Hankou in turn became a very dangerous place after the rest of the British diplomatic staff left and the Japanese army occupied the city [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1383342/Sir-James-Marjoribanks.html “Sir James Marjoribanks” (Obituary)] , "The Daily Telegraph", 2002-02-01. Retrieved on 2008-10-03. ] .

Marjoribanks helped several vulnerable Chinese friends escape but the cruelty of the Japanese occupation of Hankou left an indelible memory with him for the rest of his life. One of his motivations for his enthusiastic support for the European Community in later life was his memory of the horrors of war in Hankou. He escaped by plane from Hankou disguised as an Italian marine where his fluent Italian came in useful.

France (1939-40)

In 1939 Marjoribanks was posted as Vice-Consul to Marseilles, France . After the Fall of France, Marjoribanks was part of the negotiations with the Vichy France Government on the role of the French fleet under Admiral Darlan . The Royal Navy destroyed much of this fleet near Oran in 1940. Marjoribanks was also heavily involved in the evacuation of Marseilles.

USA (1940-44)

Marjoribanks next posting was as Consul General to Jacksonville, Florida [ “Meade Greets His Successor As British Consul in Jax”, "Jacksonville Journal", 1940-11-30 Marjoribanks takes over his new consular post.] where he emphasised Britain’s determination to fight on and encouraged the Americans to become more active in the war [”British Won’t Give Up, Says New Consul”, "Jacksonville Journal", 1940-11-20] [”No Defeatism In Britain Today Consul from Jacksonville Says”, "The Valdosta Times", 1941-03-10 Marjoribanks Interview in Valdosta, Georgia] . His personal experience of Japanese and German aggression was very valuable to him when arguing the case for Britain. He came to know the Duke of Windsor who was governor of the Bahamas at that time [”Windsors Drop In On Miami – Royal Couple Welcome”, "Miami Daily News", 1941-09-23. Marjoribanks welcomes the Duke and Duchess of Windsor] [ [http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/550165 Edward on Edward Part 2] , 1996 , A documentary by Prince Edward on the life of Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor. This includes an interview with Sir James Marjoribanks on his personal knowledge of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Retrieved on 2008-09-28 ] . In 1942 Marjoribanks was moved to New York for two years where he was part of the diplomatic effort to work on the British ‘special relationship” with the American Government.

Romania (1944-45)

In July 1944, Marjoribanks was sent to Bucharest where he added the Romanian language to the long list of languages he could speak fluently. At that time, King Michael I of Romania had ousted the pro-Nazi dictator Ion Antonescu and Romania had become one of countries on the Allied side fighting the Axis. The Russians entered the country and imposed their own communist puppet regime under Petru Groza. In 1945, Marjoribanks gave the ousted head of the government, General Nicolae Rădescu sanctuary in the British legation and got him out of the country. Marjoribanks thus acquired knowledge of the way the Soviets work. This helped him in his next posting to the Council of Foreign Ministers, where the new European boundaries were being decided.

Council of Foreign Ministers (1945-1947)

The British Foreign Office in 1945, appointed Marjoribanks to represent Britain at the Council of Foreign Ministers which was intended to settle territorial questions and conclude post-war peace treaties.The Ministers met in London [”The Meeting of Foreign Ministers in London”, "The Times ", page 1, 1947-11-26] and Moscow in 1945 and in Paris in 1946 but difficulties in negotiating with the Russians became apparent. Marjoribanks was as a member of a four-man international team that obtained agreement on redrawing the Franco-Italian border.

Austrian State Treaty (1947-1950)

In 1947, Marjoribanks was next appointed to be deputy to the British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Ernest Bevin at the Council of Foreign Ministers with responsibilty for representing Britain at the peace treaty negotiations for Austria. It was a protracted process [“Austrian Treaty Nearer – Compromise on Oil”, "The Times", 1948-05-06, Marjoribanks offered to meet Soviet proposals on oil exploration rights and production but hopes of completing the Treaty in 1948 were later dashed] . The negotiations became particularly difficult when Russia started the Berlin Blockade which lead to the Berlin Airlift and the Partition of Germany. When the German peace talks at the Council foundered due to Soviet intransigence in 1947, Marjoribanks and his colleagues [ “Big Four’s No. 2s Meet”, "The Star (London)", Page 1, 1949-02-09, Marjoribanks, Zarubin (Russia), Reber (USA) and Berthelot (France) meet in London. ] requested that the Austrian treaty negotiators be allowed to continue which was accepted [Cullis, Michael: “The Austrian Treaty settlement”, "Review of International Studies", Vol.7, p161, 1981] . To the credit of these negotiators, the talks continued until, after Stalin’s death, the Russians signed the Austrian State Treaty, withdrew from the country and Austria remained outside the Iron Curtain. This was a rare example of the Soviets withdrawing from occupied territories after the war. The Foreign Service now began to take more notice of this talented diplomat.

Australia (1950-52)

Marjoribanks became very ill with serious blood poisoning and was afterwords posted from 1950 to 1952 to Canberra, Australia. He worked there as Official Secretary to the British High Commission.

Luxembourg (1952-5)

Marjoribanks then had several important European postings, which were the culmination of his diplomatic career. In 1952, he was appointed deputy head of the British delegation to the European Coal and Steel Community in Luxembourg. This was the forerunner of the European Economic Community and European Union. The head of the delegation was a fellow Scot, the businessman Sir Cecil WeirDenman, Roy (1997), ‘’Missed Chances. Britain and Europe in the Twentieth Century’’, p. 191. Indigo Cassell Group, London. ISBN 0 575 40087 0 ] . Marjoribanks became convinced here that the future for Europe was in closer integration [ Monnet, Jean (1978). ‘’Memoirs’’, p.378. Collins Ltd., London. ISBN 0 00 216517 1] but the political will did not exist in London [Spierenberg, Dirk and Poidevin, Raymond (1994), ‘’The History of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. Supranationality in Operation’’, p 204. Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London. ISBN: 0297821725, Weir and Marjoribanks had secret talks with Monnet, Spierenberg and others on a possible association with Britain but this came to nought] .Weir and Marjoribanks posed the following question in one of their first messages to London in 1952: "…whether we have determined in our own minds that we want the [European] integration movement to succeed... If we do want it to succeed, we should surely put behind it the full force of our influence. If we want to cut it short and prevent its development to a political authority which might eventually become a federal state, it would surely be better for us not to wish it success". The Foreign Office replied that European integration would never succeed.Marjoribanks was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1954.

United Kingdom (1955-57)

In 1955 Marjoribanks was seconded to the British Cabinet Office for two years. He had strong personal misgivings during the Suez Crisis but in spite of this the Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd regarded him with much approval.

Germany (1957-62)

Marjoribanks was next posted to the British Embassy in Bonn as Economic Minister. He received little encouragement from the British Ambassador who regarded trade and commerce as something beneath a gentleman’s dignity and, like the Foreign Office, was lukewarm about European integration. In spite of these difficulties, Marjoribanks enthusiastically launched a trade drive for exports from Britain to Germany [”In Leeds to Explode an Export Myth”, "Yorkshire Evening News", 1959-04-17] [Daniels, Leslie F. “W. German Trade Chances ‘Vast’”; "Sheffield Telegraph", 1959-04-17] [Anglo-German Trade Campaign Enters New Phase – Federal Republic Britain’s Fastest Growing Market”, "The Times". 1959-11-24 ] [ Marjoribanks, James. “Selling More To Germany – Competitor turns customer”, "The Guardian ", 1959-11-17] . With his fluent German, Marjoribanks developed many personal contacts in the business community in Germany - including Ludwig Erhard, the author of the German economic miracle. In five years, Marjoribanks achieved a spectacular increase in exports from Britain to Germany [ “England um Exportchancen besorgt – Bundesrepublik stand 1960 als Abnehmer an 4. Stelle”, p. 4. "Koelnische Rundschau", 1961-01-20 ] [ “Exports To Germany Leap to £200m”, "Daily Mail", 1962-07-13 ] [Prittie, Terence. ”UK doubles export trade with Germany”, "The Guardian ', 1962-07-13] that was long remembered after he left Germany.

United Kingdom (1962-65)

Marjoribanks was transferred for three years to London as Assistant Under-Secretary of State to the Foreign Office working for British Foreign Secretary, Reginald Maudling and Sir Alec Douglas-Home.

Belgium (1965-1971)

Marjoribanks was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1965 and also appointed Ambassador to the EEC and its sister communities in Brussels. Sir James occupied this post during the protracted negotiations that eventually led to Britain’s acceptance into the EEC. On 12 May 1967 he presented Britain’s ultimately successful application to Renaat Van Elslande, who was in charge of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union [ “The United Kingdom hereby applies…”, "Financial Times", 1967-05-12 ] . Most of the time, Sir James worked for either the British Labour Foreign Secretary Michael Stewart or George Brown (both of whom regarded Sir James as highly suitable for this critical post). Finally, he worked for the Conservative Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home. Marjoribanks and the various Foreign Secretaries succeeded in coming up with new ways of approaching the negotiations for Britain’s entry into the EEC. General de Gaulle raised numerous objections to Britain’s entry which Marjoribanks and the Foreign Secretary of the time were able to overcome. Marjoribanks worked consistently at making useful contacts within the EEC and then astutely advised Whitehall on developments which might affect Britain’s application to enter the Common Market.

In 1971, he retired at the official Foreign Office retirement age of 60 but made no secret of his regret at having to leave the negotiations a year and a half before their final successful outcome . He was widely respected in Brussels and some of the complements he got from his contemporaries when he retired were – best person to manage the British Foreign Secretary George Brown (who was notorious for his temper and rudeness); - loyal, lucid and clear-thinking (France's chief negotiator Jean Marc Boegner ); and – an extremely good and skilful negotiator (British Prime Minister Ted Heath).

Retirement

Sir James retired to his beloved Edinburgh and resumed climbing Scottish mountains as he had done in his youth. He was an expert croquet player, often having discussed tactics with his delegation on the croquet lawn of his Brussels residence.

Sir James was tall and imposing, with a relaxed approach to life. He was an experienced raconteur [Walker, Brian (Editor) (1980): “Pass the Port Again, The best after-dinner stories of the famous”, p.171, Christian Brann, Cirencester, UK, ISBN 0 9504923 3 7] and, with his keen sense of humour, devised and illustrated various books containing caricatures. He was also an expert at black pen-and-ink drawings.

Sir James was a member of the Scottish Council for Development and Industry’s Committee on European Regional Policy from 1971-83 and became its Vice-President [ Bauer, Chris: “Former envoy named to lead Scotland’s Market Group”, p.5. "The Scotsman", 1971-08-27 Sir James Marjoribanks heads Scottish Council committee] [ “Scots EEC committee chairman hits at pessimism over future”, "The Scotsman", 1971-09-03 ] [Baggott, Maurice. “Scottish Council go for devolution”, p.13. "The Scotsman", 1973-07-27, P. 13, Article on the Scottish Council committee headed by Sir James Marjoribanks] [The Scottish Council (development and Industry): Ä Scottish View on Membership of the European Economic Community”’ Macdonald Printers (Edinburgh), 1974-06-24, Paper based on a report submitted by Sir James’ EEC Committee to the Scottish Council Executive Committee and accepted by them.] . He served as a director of the Distillers Company Limited from 1971-75 and, during this time, the full realisation of the problems associated with the drug Thalidomide emerged. In spite of these problems having started long before Sir James joined Distillers, the situation caused him a lot of worry and he became a spokesman for the board. [Croall, Ian. “Our Sleepless Nights – By Distillers Director”, "Daily Telegraph", 1973-01-08 ] . He was also a director of Inveresk Research International, a Scottish research company which did a lot of work for the Pharmaceutical industry [, [http://www.criver.com/en-US/AboutUs/History/Pages/home.aspx Inveresk Research International merged with Charles River in 2004] Retrieved on 2008-10-03] . In 1975, Sir James joined the Edinburgh University Court [ [http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/Governance/university_court.htmas The Edinburgh University Court] Retrieved on 2008-10-03] as a General Council Assessor. He was the enthusiastic chairman from 1979 to 1990 of a Scottish pro-European pressure group called ‘Scotland in Europe’ which was very successful.

Sir James was also chairman of the Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial Appeal. This Appeal raised money to erect a memorial in Edinburgh and also for children with respiratory disorders [Wright, Allen: “Greene Chips in for Memorial to Stevenson”, "The Scotsman", 1985-11-25, Sir James Marjoribanks chairman of Robert Louis Stevenson Appeal accepts Graham Greene’s donation of his manuscript “A Weed among Flowers.”] [ [http://rlsclub.org.uk/html/club_history.html The Robert Louis Stevenson Appeal] Retrieved 2008-10-03] . Sir James had grown up in Colinton manse, where Robert Louis Stevenson composed his book A Child's Garden of Verses, and thus was an ideal person to take on this responsibility.

Shortly before he died, he was delighted to be shown the new Euro coins and notes by his daughter Patricia.

Notes and references

Miscellany

* "Marjoribanks, Sir James Alexander Milne" from "Who's Who 1969-1970", A & C Black Ltd., London:
* “Marjoribanks, Sir James Alexander Milne KCMG”, In De Laroque, Lucinda (Editor) "Debrett's Handbook 1986", Debrett's Peerage Ltd., London
* Unpublished memoirs by Sir James Marjoribanks. In the possession of his daughter Patricia Marjoribanks