2K11 Krug

Infobox Weapon
name= 2K11 Krug
NATO reporting name: SA-4 "Ganef"


caption= 2K11 TEL in transit
origin= flagcountry|Soviet Union
type= Transportable SAM system
is_vehicle=yes
is_UK=yes
service= 1964–present
used_by=See list of operators
designer= Lyulev Novator
design_date= 1957
manufacturer= MZiK
unit_cost=
production_date=
number=
variants= Krug, Krug-A, Krug-M, Krug-M1, Krug-M2, Krug-M3
spec_label= 2K11 Krug
weight= 28,200 kg
length= 7.5 m (9.46 m with missiles)
part_length=
width= 3.2 m
height= 4.472 m (with missiles)
diameter=
crew= 3 to 5
armour= 15 mm
primary_armament=
secondary_armament=
engine= V-59 V-12 water-cooled diesel
engine_power= 520 hp
pw_ratio= 17.33 hp/t
transmission=
payload_capacity=
suspension=
clearance= 0.44 m
wingspan=
propellant=
fuel_capacity= 850 litres
vehicle_range= 780 km
ceiling=
altitude=
boost=
speed= 35 km/h
guidance=
steering=
accuracy=
launch_platform=2P24 SPU
transport=The 2K11 "Krug" ( _ru. 2К11 «Круг»; _en. circle) is a Soviet and now Russian long range, medium-to-high altitude surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. "2K11" is its GRAU designation, while SA-4 "Ganef" is its NATO reporting name. The system was designed by NPO Novator and produced by Kalinin Machine Building Plant.

Development

Development of the Krug ZRK-SD (2K11) air defense system started in 1957 by the Lyulev OKB design bureau. It was first displayed during a parade in Moscow in May 1964. The system started to be fielded in 1967 and became fully operational in 1969. It was used by the Russian Army as a short-range SAM.

The early version of the Krug entered service in 1965. The first operational deployment version, the Krug-A, entered service in 1967, with extensively modified versions, the Krug-M in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974, which were developed to rectify problems discovered during army service.cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0103.htm |title=Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence - 2K11 Krug (SA-4 'Ganef') medium to high-altitude surface-to-air missile system |accessdate=2008-08-18 |date=2008-07-02 |publisher=Jane's Information Group ] The upgraded version Krug-M was fielded in 1971 and the Krug-M1 in 1974. A target drone called Virazh, developed from obsolete Krug missiles, was proposed for export in 1994.cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/binder/jsws/jsws0175.htm |title=Krug (SA-4 'Ganef') |accessdate=2008-08-18 |date=2008-02-13 |publisher=Jane's Information Group ]

The Krug went into Afghanistan with Soviet Forces in December 1979 and a brigade was stationed for a time around Kabul airport. In 1997, it was reported that, between 1993 and 1996, some 27 fire units of Krug and 349 missiles had been sold to Armenia. Poland flight tested four missiles in September 2006 against P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 'Styx') targets.

Description

Vehicles

The TEL vehicles are tracked (modified AT-Ts) based on a GM-123 chassis and carry two missiles each on an elevating turntable for up to 360 degree rotation and 70 degree elevation. The two primary versions of the missile in service are the 9M8M1 (2K11M "Krug-M") and 9M8M2 (2K11M2/3 "Krug-M1"), both of which are believed to be known to the US DoD as SA-4B. The original 9M8M (SA-4A) was first introduced into service in 1965 and followed by the upgraded 9M8M1 (2K11A "Krug-A") in 1967 before the 9M8M1 in 1971 and the 9M8M2 in 1973. The 9M8M2 actually has a lower maximum engagement altitude and shorter range in exchange for better performance in engaging aircraft close to the battery. Each battery typically consists of two 9M8M1 missiles and four 9M8M2 missiles as well as the following radars:

* P-40 "Long Track" E-band early warning radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 175 km/108 miles)
* "Pat Hand" H-band continuous wave fire control and guidance radar (range 128 km/80 miles)
* "Thin Skin" E-band height finding radar (also used by the SA-6 and SA-8, range 240 km/148 miles)

Both "Long Track" and "Pat Hand" are mounted on a modified AT-T vehicle, similar to the 9M8 launch vehicles. "Thin Skin" is mounted on a truck. Batteries may also feature Ural trucks carrying spare missiles for reloading the launchers.

The 2K11 was briefly operated by the Soviet army during the war in Afghanistan in 1979 and 1980, but was withdrawn several months after the initial invasion. [Urban, Mark. "War in Afghanistan", 43, 66.]

Missile

Infobox Weapon
name= 9M8


caption=
origin= flagcountry|Soviet Union
type= Surface-to-air missile
is_ranged=
is_bladed=
is_explosive=
is_artillery=
is_vehicle=
is_missile=yes
is_UK=yes
service=
used_by=
designer=
design_date=
manufacturer=
unit_cost=
production_date=
number=
variants= 3M8 (later 9M8) Krug, 9M8M Krug-M, 9M8M1 Krug-M1, 9M8M2 Krug-M2, 9M8M3 Krug-M3.
spec_label= 9M331
weight= 2,453 kg
length= 8.784 m
part_length=
width=
height=
diameter= 86 cm
crew=
filling= Frag-HE
filling_weight= 150 kg
detonation= contact and proximity fuzes
yield=
armour=
primary_armament=
secondary_armament=
engine=
engine_power=
pw_ratio=
transmission=
payload_capacity=
suspension=
clearance=
wingspan=
propellant= kerosene fuelled ramjet
fuel_capacity=
vehicle_range= convert|55|km|mi
ceiling=
altitude= convert|24500|m|ft
boost= four solid fuel booster rocket motors
speed= 1100 m/s
guidance= Radio command, semiactive radar
steering=
accuracy=
launch_platform=
transport=The missiles are launched with the aid of four solid fuel rocket motors inside boosters attached to the outside of the massive missile. Once they have burned and the missile is aloft, it fires a liquid-fuelled ramjet sustainer engine. It reaches speeds of up to Mach 4 and has an effective range of 50-55 km (31-34 miles) depending upon the version. It carries a 135 kg (300 lb) warhead. Possible engagement altitudes range from 100 m-27 km (330-88,500 feet). 3M8 missile was designed and produced by NPO Novator.

Missile guidance is via radio command with a terminal semi-active radar homing (SARH) phase. Optical tracking is possible for the initial command guidance stage in a heavy ECM environment.

The 9M8's enormous range makes it dangerous; however, the missiles are quite large and unlikely to hit small, maneuverable aircraft like fighter jets unless they are caught unaware.Fact|date=August 2008

Operators

Current operators

* - 27
*
* - 27
*
* - 500 (being phased out)
* - 27
* - ???

Former operators

* had 1 brigade. Phased out in early 1990s.
*. Passed onto successor states.
* had 1 regiment. Phased out in middle 1990s.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/sa-4.htm SA-4 Ganef] at Global Security website
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-4.htm SA-4 Ganef] at Federation of American Scientists website
* [http://pvo.guns.ru/foto/foto111.htm Photos of Polish Krug] at Vestnik PVO website