Tenebrae

Tenebrae (Latin for "shadows") is a Christian religious service celebrated by the Western Church on the eves of Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday, which are the last three days of Holy Week. The liturgy of Tenebrae is characterized by the gradual extinguishing of candles while a series of readings and psalms are chanted or recited. Tenebrae is observed by the Roman Catholic Church (though not widely), and by some churches within the Anglican Communion. The name may also be used for various Holy Week services among Protestant churches.

Roman Catholicism

The traditional Roman Catholic Tenebrae was a celebration, after dark on the evenings of Wednesday, Thursday and Friday of Holy Week, of a combination of the next day's Matins (composed of 3 nocturns each day) and Lauds, the first two hours of the Divine Office. The readings of each day's first nocturn were taken from the Book of Lamentations. Each day's office of Tenebrae contained 15 psalms, 9 readings, and one canticle, the Benedictus (Song of Zechariah). Lighting was gradually reduced throughout the service. Initially 15 candles were lit and placed on a special stand known as a hearse, which were extinguished one by one after each psalm. The last candle was hidden beneath the altar, ending the service in total darkness. In some places the use of a "strepitus" (Latin for "great noise") was included as part of the service. The great noise was usually generated by slamming a book closed, banging a hymnal or breviary against the pew, or stomping on the floor, symbolizing the earthquake that followed Christ's death. This custom seems to have originated as a simple signal to depart in silence. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14506a.htm Thurston, Herbert. "Tenebrae". "Catholic Encyclopedia".] Following the great noise a single candle, which had been hidden from view, was returned to the top of the hearse, signifying the return of Christ to the world with the Resurrection.

The lessons of the first nocturn at Matins were taken from the Book of Lamentations. These lessons have been set to music by many composers, of whom the most famous are Palestrina, Tallis, Lassus, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Ernst Krenek ("Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae", op. 93) and Stravinsky ("Threni"). In addition, the responses have been set by Lassus, Gesualdo, Victoria and Jan Dismas Zelenka. Musical settings are listed at length in the main article: "Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet".

The lessons of the second nocturn were taken from the writings of St. Augustine, and the lessons of the third nocturn from the epistles of Paul the Apostle. These have been neglected by composers and are not provided with a special lesson tone in the Liber Usualis.

The office of Tenebrae was universal within the Roman Rite until the reforms of the Holy Week ceremonies by Pope Pius XII, which he introduced experimentally in the first half of the 1950s and made obligatory in 1955. He ended the practice of celebrating the Easter Vigil, and so the resurrection of Christ, on Saturday morning and moved the Holy Thursday Mass and Good Friday services to the evening or the afternoon. The solemn evening celebration of the next day's Matins and Lauds were thus ended. ["Matins and Lauds are not anticipated in the evening, but are said in the morning, at the proper hour. In cathedral churches, however, since the Mass of the Chrism is celebrated in the morning of Thursday of the Lord's Supper, Matins and Lauds of the same Thursday can be anticipated in the evening." Decree "Maxima redemptionis nostrae mysteria" (16 Nov. 1955), Acta Apostolicae Sedis 47 (1955) 838-847.]

Although it is thus no longer part of the official rites of the Catholic Church, except for Wednesday evening in cathedrals where the Chrism Mass is celebrated on Thursday morning, Tenebrae, or a shortened version in English, is still celebrated in some individual Catholic churches. [ [http://www.catholic.org/prwire/headline.php?ID=4610 Catholic Online: Tenebrae Service makes a Comeback in Chicago] ] [ [http://dymphnaroad.blogspot.com/2008/03/tenebrae.html Dymphna's Road] ] and imitated by some other churches. [ [http://www.cacc-ucc.org/loparchive/2007%2004.pdf United Church of Christ] ]

Protestant traditions

The name Tenebrae is also given to various other Holy Week services held by some Protestant churches including the Lutheran, United Methodist, United Church of Christ and Presbyterian churches. Variations of Tenebrae are sometimes celebrated in less formal or non-denominational churches as well.

Protestant versions of Tenebrae service, particularly on Maundy Thursday or Good Friday, often contain readings from the gospels which describe the time between the Last Supper and the Passion of Christ. Another frequent element in Protestant Tenebrae services is the inclusion of the last seven sayings of Jesus, assembled from the various gospel accounts. ["http://www.homiliesbyemail.com/Special/friday/tenebrae2.html" Larson, Ann K.] ["http://joshberrus.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/sevensayingsgf07.pdf" Open Door Baptist Church, Raleigh, NC]

Some Protestant versions of the service combine Tenebrae with the communion service of Maundy Thursday and/or with the stripping of the altar. The stripping of the altar involves the removal of any decorative elements, such as any cloths on the altar, candles, or removable devotional objects. Immovable objects such as large icons, statues, and crucifixes, are covered by plain cloths or otherwise hidden in some manner. The stark appearance of the church mirrors the silence maintained at the end of Tenebrae. Often the elaboration of the acts of worship are reduced. The service may start with an organ and full choir, which is gradually reduced until the end of Tenebrae, at which point all depart in silence.

References

External links

* [http://www.sistersofcarmel.com/tenebrae.php Roman Catholic devotions: Tenebrae]
* [http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/Tenebrae.htm An Episcopal Tenebrae service]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14506a.htm Tenebrae] - Catholic Encyclopedia article
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07162c.htm Tenebrae Hearse] - Catholic Encyclopedia article
* [http://www.mapc.com/html/03_worship/PDF/2008-03-21b-GF-Tenebrae.pdf Presbyterian Tenebrae Order of Service]
* [http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=2874 United Methodist Church Tenebrae]
* [http://tenebrae.witnesstoday.org Sample non-denominational Tenebrae]
* [http://www.kenrickparish.com/jgeerling/articles/religion/tenebrae.html Tenebrae (an Explanation) in St. Louis, MO]