Battle of Tehumardi

The battle of Tehumardi was one of the most brutal engagements during the fighting on the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Osel) in 1944.

Background

The Soviet Moonzund Landing Operation on the 29th of September 1944 had quickly gained ground. The smaller island of Muhu (Moon) was given up with little organized resistance, as was Hiiumaa (Dago). On the 5th of October, the Russians landed on Saaremaa. In a reversal of the fighting in 1941, the Germans conducted a quick fighting withdrawal, and planned to make a stand on the easily defendable peninsula of Sõrve (Sworbe).

German forces

Two infantry battalions from the German 67th Potsdam Grenadier Regiment from the 23rd Infantry Division (Germany) had occupied a defensive position on the Nasva river, just West of the city of Kuressaare (Arensburg). They were a part of Kampfgruppe Eulenburg, most of which already had taken up positions on the Sõrve peninsula. The first and second battalions were commanded by Hauptmanner (Captains) H. Ulrichs and K. Ritter, respectively. Together, the reduced battalions mustered about 700-750 men. As they were unable to communicate with their parent unit and they felt increasingly isolated, towards midnight on the 8th the order was given to retreat to Sõrve.

Russian forces

Meanwhile, bypassing the German position on the Nasva, Russian units moved south to occupy positions astride the main road leading to the peninsula. These were elements of the 307th anti-tank Battalion from the Russian 249th Rifle Division, about 370 men commanded by Major V. Miller. Later that evening, they were joined by the 1st battalion of the 917th regiment, approximately 300 men commanded by Major G. Karaulnov, advancing down a secondary road leading to the small village of Tehumardi, right before the bottleneck of the peninsula. Many of the soldiers in the Russian units were native Estonians, fighting fiercely for their land. Many of them received Hero of the Soviet Union, highest military decoration at the time, for their bravery. Due to lack of reconnaissance, the Russians were unaware of the withdrawing German units, and the stage was set for a confused night battle when the forces met head-on.

The battle

The battle. Germans in blue, Russians in red.

The Germans' fear of being stragglers soon proved correct, as the only road already had been cratered by other withdrawing German units. Bypassing this obstacle took some time, the vehicles were slowly pulled across with the help of a recently captured US-made M3 Stuart light tank. Suspecting an enemy presence, the soldiers were ordered to keep as silent as possible, breaking through the enemy positions with a sudden attack. The two battalions split up, the 1st moving along the waterline, the 2nd moving along the main road in parallel, about 200 m distant. Soon the 2nd found themselves marching along a Russian unit, who believing them to be fellow Russians, gave way. Flares fired gave the game away, and battle was joined. The Russians, the 1st battalion of the 917th was quickly overwhelmed, but the Germans then ran into the anti-tank positions of the 370th. The battle degenerated into chaotic hand-to-hand combat in the darkness with heavy losses on both sides, but the Germans broke through. Their actions kept the Russians occupied, however, and the 1st battalion moving along the waterline took no part in the fighting and suffered no losses.

Aftermath

The majority of the Germans were able to break through to join the defence of the Sõrve peninsula, but almost 200 men had been lost. Captured German soldiers were shot, as happened consistently during the fighting on the island. Most of the vehicles were also left behind, including the light tank and a self-propelled FlaK gun. The Russians also suffered about 200 men killed, with an unknown number of wounded. The killed included the commander, Major V. Miller. At least one tank and several guns were also knocked out.

The action delayed the Russian attack on the peninsula, giving the Germans more time to improve their defences. But the hard-pressed German forces could ill afford losses in equipment and manpower at this stage of the war. After several weeks more of bitter fighting, the Sõrve peninsula, and thereby the entire island of Saaremaa, was evacuated by the Germans on the 23/24th of November.

After the war

Tehumardi war memorial

To commemorate the battle, in 1967 a sword-shaped monument was raised, made of concrete and dolomite. Monument was designed by well known Estonian architects of the time, R.Kuld, A.Murdmaa, M.Varik. Several massive concrete slabs with names of the fallen soldiers, Russians and Estonians, are mounted nearby. Most of them were buried on the site.

References

"Halten bis zum letzen Mann; Der Kampf um Osel", Interessengemeinschaft "Osel 1941-1944", Busum 2004

External links

• Tehumardi - photographs of Soviet memorial at the battle site.

Coordinates: 58°10′35″N 22°15′00″E / 58.17639°N 22.25°E / 58.17639; 22.25