Yatala Labour Prison

Infobox_Prisons
prison_name=Yatala Labour Prison

| location=Peter Brown Drive, Northfield, South Australiacoord|34|50|40.39|S|138|37|42.85|E|region:AU-SA|display=title
status=Operational
classification= Maximum security
capacity=405cite web|url =http://www.aic.gov.au/research/corrections/facilities/sa.html | title=Correctional facilities in South Australia |accessdate =2007-02-28 |publisher= Australian Institute of Criminology]
opened=1854
closed=Still in Use
managed_by=South Australian, Department for Correctional Services

Yatala Labour Prison is a low- to high-security men's prison in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. It was built in 1854 to enable prisoners to work at the creek, quarrying rock for roads and construction. Originally known as "The Stockade" it acquired its current name from a local Aboriginal word.

The prison has been expanded many times but still has functioning buildings that date to the 1850s. It remains Adelaide's main male prison, although it is scheduled to close by 2011 with most of its area converted to residential housing.

Geography and naming

Yatala prison, originally called "The Stockade", was named after the Hundred of Yatala, Yatala being a word from the Weira group of the Kaurnas Aboriginal people meaning "water running by the side of a river". [cite web |url=http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/xyz/y2.htm#yatala |title=Place Names of South Australia - XYZ (Yatala) |publisher=State library of South Australia |accessdate=2007-02-28] It is known as a labour prison by virtue of its vast industries complex and the use of convict labour in construction.

It is sited convert|10|km|mi|0 north of Adelaide's central business district, between Grand Junction Road and Dry Creek, and adjacent to the suburb of Walkley Heights. The prison sits on an escarpment of the Para Fault Block overlooking the Adelaide plains. [Department of Mines."Geology and Underground Water Resources of the Adelaide Plains Area" Adelaide: Geological Survey of South Australia. Bulletin No. 27, 1952 (As cited in Settlers on the Hill, City of Salisbury Publication, 1985)] Dry Creek, perhaps predictably, is mostly dry in summer and lies in a deep gully at the rear of the prison, with outcrops of exposed pre-Cambrian rocks that were extensively quarried as part of prison activity.

History

For the first five years of South Australian settlement there was no permanent prison. Prisoners were kept locked in irons onboard "HMS Buffalo" until its sailing in 1837, and in temporary jails subsequently. [Lewis, H. (1985), p. 170.] 1841 saw the first permanent prison built in Adelaide, with the Adelaide Gaol on the banks of the River Torrens, the building of which severely strained the new colony's finances. [cite web|url=http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/adelaide/gaols/gaols.htm | title=Adelaide — Gaols, Reformatories and the Law |publisher=State library of South Australia |accessdate=2007-02-28]

In the 19th century, incarceration in South Australia was seen as a punitive more than preventative measure. The labour of prisoners was used for public works and hard labour seen as an integral part of imprisonment. In this light, Charles Simeon Hare (member of the legislative council) wrote an 1853 letter to the Adelaide Observer, advocating prisoners be usefully employed, and further that a convert|160|acre|km2|sing=on reserve on Dry Creek could be used for this purpose. The reserve had an abundant supply of stone that prisoners could convert into building and road material. [Lewis, H. (1985), pp. 174–5] September that year saw Hare move, in the council, that £5,000 be set aside to enable a prison be constructed next to a quarry, whether at Dry Creek or elsewhere. This would enable the labour of the prisoners to remunerate the country. Hare later became superintendent of the prison and maintained a colourful register describing prisoners. [cite web |url=http://www.archives.sa.gov.au/files/publications_newsletter_2002_mar.pdf |title= Indecent tattoos and other notations, Yatala prison registers in the 1800s |pages =p. 8 |publisher=State Records of South Australia |accessdate=2007-03-01]

19th century

Twenty five prisoners were sent to the Dry Creek site to work in the quarries in July 1854, living at night in an iron house. Dry Creek prison was officially declared a gaol on 10 Aug 1854 and an act then passed commuting sentences, formerly of transportation to New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land, into imprisonment with hard labour, though transport to the latter had been stopped by the Imperial Government in 1852. The Prison began as an iron house with surrounding palisade and became known as "The Stockade", a name maintained in 2007 by the adjacent botanic park. Hare requested construction of a stone building, and by October 1854 this was completed using locally quarried bluestone, with accommodation for 60 prisoners.Lewis, H. (1985), p. 175.]

In its early years rock-cracking, hard labour and solitary confinement were the notable features of life at the prison. It was seen that hard worked prisoners would not wish to return to the prison, with solitary confinement giving them time to reflect on past misdeeds.cite web| title=Romantic Beginnings |url=http://www.oars.org.au/Downloadable%20Documents/romantic%20beginnings.pdf |publisher=Offenders Aid & Rehabilitation Services of S.A. inc | id=ISBN 0-9596363-5-8 |year=1991 |accessdate=2006-08-13] From inception prisoners main task was the breaking of one cubic yard of rock per day. Until the middle of the 20th century the prisons department's philosophy remained punitive with much reliance on obedience to rules and regulations.Lewis, H. (1985), p.177]

The first batch of 24 convicts was sent to the prison from Adelaide gaol on February 9 1855 wearing the characteristic broad arrow pattern prison clothes of the time, ["The Observer", February 10 1855, Adelaide, South Australia, p. 5.] and the first escape from the prison took place October 1855 with 8 escapees. The Prisoners were captured, chained in solitary confinement within the prison, then subsequently punished with 50 lashes for the escape and other disciplinary issues.

For the prison, water supply was a constant issue, with carriage required from distant Port Adelaide. A well was bored in 1856 through convert|60|ft|m|0 of limestone but soon ran dry. For storage of rainwater, in 1860 a convert|300000|impgal|L USgal|-3|lk=on|sing=on reservoir was constructed under the main courtyard. Water supplies continued to be inadequate until the 1878 construction of a pipeline to the Hope Valley Reservoir.

The first significant expansion of the prison buildings occurred in 1858 with the construction of B Division. Built in the centre of the prison with 123 cells and, in the 19th century, designed to hold 300 prisoners. A new wing was added in 1872 with 36 cells, guard accommodation and a wall separating it from the rest of the prison, with 37 more cells added in 1878. By 1880 the accommodation was seen as insufficient for the 280 prisoners then held, with up to three per cell and eighteen per dormitory room. A "T" shaped building was constructed in 1884 with 96 cells over three floors, and the walled area expanded. The building included a chapel, offices and three dark underground cells used for solitary confinement. Known as A Division, it was built by prisoners at the jail as part of their enforced labour.Lewis, H. (1985), p. 176.]

20th century

Prisoners moved from rock breaking to goods production with trades including boot making, tailoring, tin smithing, blacksmithing, carpentry and masonry. There was public opposition as the free labour of prisoners was seen as unfair competition against private industry, consequently Government departments used most products. During the 1960s small industries were established north of the prison walls with facilities for spray painting, sheet metalwork and brick making. A decision was made in 1968 to build a new industries complex. Construction was from 1977 to 1982, with the complex opening in November 1984.

C Division was created in 1957, as a minimum-security building, outside the main prison walls with a dining room added in 1967. B Division was redesigned and reequipped in 1958. The special education section of the education department opened a school at the prison in 1976 and Technical and Further Education began participating in prisoner education at Yatala from 1979.

Although a high security prison, there have been some significant prisoner escapes. Four prisoners escaped in 1930, lead the police on a car chase with whom they were involved in a shootout. After escaping into school grounds they were recaptured, with two of the police injured. [ cite web |url=http://www.prospect.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1057 |title=History Timeline |publisher=City of Prospect |year=2006 |accessdate=2007-03-01] Six prisoners escaped from the jail in 1979 after an attempted mass breakout by thirty. A wall that was under repair and covered in scaffolding was used as part of the escape, but all six escapees were soon recaptured. [cite news |work=The Illawarra Mercury|date=August 25, 1979 |pages=21 |title=News] There was poor morale amongst inmates in the 1980s leading to a major prison riot. Sixty prisoners went on a rampage on 22 March 1983, and lit fires, destroying the roof of A division. The government saw this as an opportunity to restructure Yatala, rather than simply repairing the damage, and on 21 December announced that A division would be demolished. The former Enfield Council strongly objected due to the building's historic value but demolition began on 6 February 1984.Lewis H. (1985), p. 180]

Yatala prison today

The prison holds high, medium and low security prisoners, and is South Australia's main induction and reception prison for male prisoners. It still retains industries facilities that are the largest in the South Australian prison system, and is run by the South Australian government's Department for Correctional Services. Some of the original buildings and parts of old equipment can still be seen from a creek level walking trail, between the prison and new suburb of Walkley Heights. These include guard towers, quarries, a blacksmith's shop and a gunpowder magazine [cite web |url=http://www.corrections.sa.gov.au/history/ |publisher=Department for correctional services, South Australia |accessdate=2007-03-01 |title=The History of Correctional Services]

The prison is divided into four units: [cite web |url=http://www.corrections.sa.gov.au/prisons/yatala_labour_prison.htm |publisher=Department of Justice Correctional Services, South Australia |title=Prison and Prisoner Management, Yatala Labour Prison |accessdate=2007-03-01]
* B-Division - high and medium security, and prisoners requiring protection.
* E-Division - low security for assessment, prisoner induction and fine defaulters.
* F-Division - working division close to the prisons industries facilities.
* G-Division - highest security section of the prison.

Yatala is reported as having 500 prisoners in a facility designed for 341. The prison is planned to be closed when a new prison at Mobilong is completed, though some buildings will be retained for their historic values. [cite news|last=Kelton|first=Greg|work=The Advertiser|date=September 21 2006 |pages=pp. 1–2 |title=Yatala to go for new homes] It is expected that the closure will happen by 2011, and the land developed for residential housing. [cite news |title = State Budget 2006 Jailbreak that sets free our suburbs | publisher = The Advertiser | page = 22 | date = 2006-09-23]

Notable prisoners

* Bevan Spencer von Einem, convicted murderer and suspected serial murderer.
* David Hicks, the Australian Guantánamo Bay detainee convicted by US military tribunal of providing material support for terrorism. [cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2007/03/30/hicks_sentence_limited_to_7_years/ |title=Australian Gitmo detainee gets 9 months |publisher=Boston Globe |date=2007-03-30] Hicks was released December 29, 2007. [cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/29/2128751.htm?section=australia |title=Hicks wants privacy following release |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2007-12-29]
* Bradley John Murdoch, convicted murderer of Peter Falconio was held briefly in the prison.
* James William Miller, serving six life sentences for murder in relation to the Truro Murders. [cite web |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/worrell/index_1.html |title=The Truro Serial Murders |last=Kidd |first =Paul B. | publisher=Courtroom Television Network LLC]
* Rupert Maxwell (Max) Stuart (paroled 1973) an Australian Aborigine whose 1959 conviction for murder lead to a Royal Commission and a 2002 film.
* Jean Eric Gassy, deregistered Sydney psychiatrist who shot dead South Australia's head of mental health in October 2002.
* John Bunting, serial killer, ringleader in Snowtown murders, and accomplices Robert Wagner, James Vlassakis, and Mark Haydon.
* Alan Bond, businessman spent a brief time in Yatala during his fraud trial in the early 1990s.

Notes

References

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