Jura Soyfer

Jura Soyfer (December 8, 1912. Kharkov, Ukraine - February 15/16, 1939, Buchenwald concentration camp, Germany) was an important Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer.

Life

Jura Soyfer was the son of the industrialist Vladimir Soyfer and his wife Lyubov. The well-to-do Jewish family employed French- and English-speaking governesses for Soyfer and his older sister Tamara.

In 1921 the family fled from the Bolshevist revolution and arrived in the town of Baden near Vienna; later they moved into Vienna itself. At the age of 15, Soyfer began studying socialist writings and became a staunch Marxist. In 1927 he joined the "Verband der Sozialistischen Mittelschüler" (the Association of Socialist "Mittelschule" pupils). His early experience with languages meant that Soyfer soon developed a feeling and love for language and wordplay. In 1929 this led to his becoming a member of the "Politischen Kabarett der Sozialdemokraten" (Political Cabaret of the Social Democrats) where he gained his first experience in writing for the stage.

From December 1931, Soyfer wrote two weekly political satires, one in the "Arbeiter-Zeitung" (Workers' Newspaper) and the other in the social-democratic weekly "Der Kuckuck" (The Cuckoo). He also wrote two articles for the "Politische Bühne" (Political Stage, a socialist newspaper connected to the "Red Players" group of actors). These demanded that theatre become more politicised, and that it should stop producing mere distraction and entertainment. In this respect Soyfer approaches Bertolt Brecht's "epic theatre".

Soyfer also satirised the key authoritarian figures of the 'Austro-fascisitic' (1933/4 to 1938) period like Engelbert Dollfuß, Starhemberg and Kurt Schuschnigg.

In August 1935, through the writer and theatre critic Hans Weigel, Soyfer was introduced to Leon Askin, an actor and director at Vienna's popular "ABC Theatre", a political cabaret. This is where most of Soyfer's pieces were later performed.

In 1937, Soyfer was mistaken for Franz Marek, a leader of the Communist Party of Austria (Kommunistische Partei Österreichs, KPÖ)and arrested. When it was discovered that Soyfer himself had also written incriminatory pieces, he was imprisoned for three months. On February 17 1938 he was freed as part of an amnesty for political prisoners. He remained in freedom for only 26 days, however: on March 13 1938 he was arrested as he tried to cross the Austrian border at St. Antonien Joch above Gargellen into Switzerland but was betrayed and later transported to Dachau concentration camp. Here, Soyfer met the composer Herbert Zipper, and together they wrote the famous "Dachaulied", the Dachau song, which cynically took up the Nazi motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("work liberates"), written above the entrance to such camps.

In the autumn of that year Soyfer was transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp where he died of typhus the day after his release was granted, 16 February 1939.

Works

Soyfer's first work, "Der Weltuntergang oder Die Welt steht auf kein' Fall mehr lang" ("The End of the World", or "The world is certainly not going to last much longer") was first performed in the early summer of 1936; the last performance took place only a short time later on 11 July 1936. It shows humanity before the Apocalypse, the destruction of the world by a comet - the violent repression of the revolutionary masses and the blindness of the people waiting for the end of the world. In the end, the comet does not find the heart to destroy the world, which gives the play a positive ending, but also underlines the frustrating incorrigibility and stupidity of human beings.

His second work, "Der Lechner Edi schaut ins Paradies" (translated into English as "Journey to Paradise") depicts an unemployed person who sets off to find those guilty for his distress in the past, with the help of a time machine. Eventually he discovers that the cause for his condition is the creation of humanity. The play ends, however, with a call to people to make decisions, including political ones. In this way, Soyfer connects pathos with the typical element of cabaret, political criticism.

Soyfer's third play is "Astoria", a reaction to the problematic use of the word "Vaterland" which had been discussed in Austria since 1918. "Astoria" is a non-existent land which is the focus of the hopes and aspirations of the characters in the play. Their utopic dreams are constantly destroyed by reality. This point is made clearly at the end of the play by a song of praise the actors sing about the country when they are actually being sent to prison.

In 1937 Soyfer wrote "Vineta". In this piece he leaves behind traditional Austrian theatre and portrays absurd actions and speech which lead irretrievably to downfall and destruction. The protest against facts which are seen as unchangeable, and the idea of "not wanting to know" are both themes of the play. "Vineta" is a warning against war and against illusions which are created to suppress people.

Soyfer also wrote "Broadway Melodie 1942" for the "ABC Theatre". It is an adaptation of "Columbus" by Kurt Tucholsky and Walter Hasenclever. Soyfer kept the original satire of the clergy and court society, but his political criticism of society is far more radical. The way the play sees events from the point of view of the lower classes makes it a classic piece of Volkstheater Wien (Austrian popular theatre); it becomes clear that the lower classes of society are actually superior to the upper classes, or at least should be.

During his imprisonment from 1937 - 1938, Soyfer began writing another play which was to be about Adolf Hitler. Nothing has survived of these drafts.

The first verse of the "Dachaulied", the Dachau song:

Stacheldraht, mit Tod geladen, ist um unsre Welt gespannt. Drauf ein Himmel ohne Gnaden sendet Frost und Sonnenbrand. Fern von uns sind alle Freuden, fern die Heimat, fern die Fraun, wenn wir stumm zur Arbeit schreiten, Tausende im Morgengraun. Doch wir haben die Losung von Dachau gelernt und wurden stahlhart dabei: Sei ein Mann, Kamerad, bleib ein Mensch, Kamerad, mach ganze Arbeit, pack an, Kamerad, denn Arbeit, Arbeit macht frei!

Barbed wire, loaded with death is drawn around our world. Above a sky without mercy sends frost and sunburn. Far from us are all joys, far away our home, far away our wives, when we march to work in silence thousands of us at the break of day. But we have learned the motto of Dachau and it made us as hard as steel: Be a man, mate, stay a man, mate, do a good job, get to it, mate, for work, work makes you free!

Resonance

Jura Soyfer's intent was not to present any complete solutions or conclusions: he believed that the problems he presented could only be solved in real life, in actual protest. His plays destroy illusions and call upon us to change society in its present form. He himself saw his own plays as a means for propaganda with a direct connection to the times in which he lived.

Soyfer's plays were published as a collection for the first time in 1974 thanks to the work of members of the organisation of exiled Austrians in England, "Young Austria". This took his works out of their original context: they were presented, for example, as timeless criticisms of society in the GDR.

ee also

*List of Austrian writers

External links

*Dachaulied, composed by Herbert Zipper - listen to music : "quasi una fantasia: Juden und die Musikstadt Wien" (Timms, Edward / Hanak, Werner / Botstein, Leon / [http://www.jmw.at Jüdisches Museum Wien ] )(with 2CDs)
* [http://www.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de/dachaulied.htm Dachaulied ] at www.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de [http://ingeb.org/Lieder/stacheldra.html] ; [http://www.literaturepochen.at/exil/media_ton.html] (sound, 74-94)
* [http://www.soyfer.at/ Jura Soyfer Society] in German

Further reading

*"Jura Soyfer and His Time (Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, and Thought)" by Donald G. Daviau, 1995 ISBN 1-57241-005-1
*"The legacy of Jura Soyfer, 1912-1939: Poems, prose and plays of an Austrian antifascist" (Engendra theaterbooks) ISBN 0-919830-07-2
*"It's Up to Us!: Collected Works of Jura Soyfer (Studies in Austrian Literature, Culture, & Thought)", 1996 ISBN 0-929497-55-4