Palpebral (bone)

Palpebral (bone)

The palpebral bone is a small dermal bone found in the region of the eye socket in a variety of animals, including crocodilians and ornithischian dinosaurs. In ornithischians, it can form a prong that projects from the front upper corner of the orbit. It is large in heterodontosaurids,cite book |last=Norman |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Norman |coauthors=Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Larry M.; and Coria, Rodolfo A. |editor=Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |pages=393–412 |chapter=Basal Ornithopoda] basal ornithopods like "Bugenasaura" and "Dryosaurus",cite book |last=Sues |first=Hans-Dieter |coauthors=and Norman, David B. |editor= Weishampel, David B.; Osmólska, Halszka; and Dodson, Peter (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-06727-4 |pages=498–509 |chapter=Hypsilophodontidae, "Tenontosaurus", Dryosauridae] and basal ceratopsians like "Archaeoceratops";You Hailu and Dodson, Peter. (2004). Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmolska, Halszka (eds.) "The Dinosauria" (2nd Edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 478–493.] in these animals, the prong is elongate and would have stuck out and over the eye like a bony eyebrow. As paleoartist Gregory S. Paul has noted, elongate palpebrals would have given their owners fierce-looking "eagle eyes".cite book |last=Paul |first=Gregory S. |authorlink=Gregory S. Paul |editor=Paul, Gregory S. (ed.) |title=The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs |year=2000 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=0-312-26226-4 |pages=102 |chapter=Restoring the Life Appearances of Dinosaurs ] In such cases, the expanded palpebral may have functioned to shade the eye.cite book |last=Naish |first=Darren |coauthors=David M. Martill |chapter=Ornithopod dinosaurs |title=Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight |year=2001 |publisher=The Palaeontological Association |location=London |isbn= 0-901702-72-2|pages=79]

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