- 2π theorem
In
mathematics , the 2π theorem of Gromov and Thurston states a sufficient condition forDehn filling on a cuspedhyperbolic 3-manifold to result in a negatively curved 3-manifold.Let "M" be a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold. Disjoint
horoball neighborhoods of each cusp can be selected. The boundaries of these neighborhoods are quotients of horospheres and thus have Euclidean metrics. A slope, i.e. unoriented isotopy class of simple closed curves on these boundaries, thus has a well-defined length by taking the minimal Euclidean length over all curves in the isotopy class. The 2π theorem theorem states: a Dehn filling of "M" with each filling slope greater than 2π results in a 3-manifold with a complete metric of negative sectional curvature. In fact, this metric can be selected to be identical to the original hyperbolic metric outside the horoball neighborhoods.The basic idea of the proof is to explicitly construct a negatively curved metric inside each horoball neighborhood that matches the metric near the horospherical boundary. This construction, using cylindrical coordinates, works when the filling slope is greater than 2π. See (Bleiler-Hodgson, 1996) for complete details.
According to the
geometrization conjecture , these negatively curved 3-manifolds must actually admit a complete hyperbolic metric. A horoball packing argument due to Thurston shows that there are at most 48 slopes to avoid on each cusp to get a nonhyperbolic 3-manifold. For one-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds, an improvement due to Colin Adams gives 24 exceptional slopes.This result was later improved independently by Ian Agol and Marc Lackenby with the 6 theorem. The "6 theorem" states that Dehn filling along slopes of length greater than 6 results in a "hyperbolike" 3-manifold, i.e. an irreducible,
atoroidal , non-Seifert-fibered 3-manifold with infinite word hyperbolicfundamental group . Yet again assuming thegeometrization conjecture , these manifolds have a complete hyperbolic metric. An argument of Agol's shows that there are at most 12 exceptional slopes.References
* Ian Agol, "Bounds on exceptional Dehn filling." Geom. Topol. 4 (2000), 431--449. MathSciNet|id=1799796.
* Steven Bleiler and Craig Hodgson, "Spherical space forms and Dehn filling." Topology 35 (1996), no. 3, 809--833. MathSciNet|id=1396779
* Marc Lackenby, "Word hyperbolic Dehn surgery." Invent. Math. 140 (2000), no. 2, 243--282. MathSciNet|id=1756996
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