James Cleveland

Infobox musical artist
Name = James Cleveland

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Background = solo_singer
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Born = birth date|1931|12|5
Died = Death date and age|1991|02|09|1931|12|5
Origin = Chicago, Illinois
Instrument = singing, piano
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Genre = Gospel music
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Associated_acts = Albertina Walker
Roberta Martin
The Cleveland Singers
The Caravans
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The Reverend Dr. James Cleveland (December 5, 1931 - February 9, 1991) was a gospel singer, arranger, composer and, most significantly, the driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound, bringing the stylistic daring of hard gospel and jazz and pop music influences to arrangements for mass choirs.

Biography

Born in Chicago, he began singing as a boy soprano at Pilgrim Baptist Church, where Thomas A. Dorsey was minister of music and Roberta Martin was pianist for the choir. He strained his vocal cords as a teenager while part of a local gospel group, leaving the distinctive gravelly voice that was his hallmark in his later years. The change in his voice led him to focus on his skills as a pianist and later as a composer and arranger. For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions, he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers to ever live. [cite web|url=http://blackgospel.blogspot.com/2006/05/gospel-festival-to-honor-sounds-and.html|title=Gospel Festival to honor sounds and work of James Cleveland|date=May 28, 2006|author=Cohen, Aaron|publisher=Tribune]

In 1950, Cleveland joined the Gospelaires, a trio led by Norsalus McKissick and Bessie Folk, who were associated with Martin. Martin hired him as a composer and arranger after the group disbanded. His arrangements of songs such as "(Give Me That) Old Time Religion" and "It's Me O Lord" transformed them, giving a rocking lilt and insistent drive to old standards.

Cleveland subsequently went to work for Albertina Walker (Queen of Gospel) & the Caravans as a composer, arranger, pianist and occasional singer/narrator. Albertina Walker provided James the opportunity to do his very first recording after convincing her record company (by staying out of the studio for a while) to allow her to record James. He quit and returned to the Caravans a number of times to join other groups, such as the Gospel All-Stars and the Gospel Chimes, where he mixed pop ballad influences with traditional shouting. In 1959 he recorded a version of Ray Charles' hit "Hallelujah I Love Her So" as a solo artist.

He became known by more than just the professionals within gospel music with his version of the Soul Stirrers' song, "The Love of God", backed by the Voices of Tabernacle from Detroit. Cleveland attained even greater popularity working with keyboardist Billy Preston and the Angelic Choir of Nutley, New Jersey; his recording of "Peace Be Still", an obscure 18th century madrigal, sold hundreds of thousands of copies thanks to Cleveland's comforting growl and emotional command.

Cleveland capitalized on his success by founding his own choir, the Southern California Community Choir, as well as a church that went from a handful of congregants to thousands of members during his life. His influence stretched even further: like Dorsey before him, he taught others how to achieve the modern gospel sound through his annual Gospel Singers Workshop Convention, put on by the Gospel Music Workshop of America ("GMWA"), an organization that Cleveland founded along with Albertina Walker, and which has over 30,000 members in 150 chapters. The GMWA has produced, among others, John P. Kee.

The style he pioneered — large disciplined organizations who used complex arrangements and unusual time signatures to turn their massive vocal power to achieve the propulsive rhythms, intricate harmonies and individual virtuosity of the greatest groups of gospel's Golden Age — was still the wellspring for the mass choirs of that era. [cite book|last=Heilbut|first=Tony|title=The Gospel Sound: Good News and Bad Times|publisher=Limelight Editions|year=1997|isbn=0879100346] [cite book|first=Horace Clarence|last=Boyer|title=How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel|publisher=Elliott and Clark|year=1995|isbn=0252068777]

Death and controversy

Cleveland died in 1991 in Culver City, California. [cite book|last=Carpenter|fiLICK MY NUTTZrst=Bil|title=Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Music Encyclopedia |publisher=Backbeat Books|year=2005|isbn=0879308419] Though his death is often recognized euphemistically as having been a result of heart failure, there has been an enduring controversy as to whether or not Cleveland actually succumbed to AIDS-related complications. [cite web|url=http://www.citylimits.org/content/articles/viewarticle.cfm?article_id=2927|title=The Moving Spirit|month=May | year=2003|publisher=City Limits Magazine|author=Malcolm Venable] [cite web|url=http://www.thebody.com/bp/jan_feb00/tuskegee.html|title=The Legacy of Tuskegee: AIDS and African-Americans|author=Thomas, Stephen B., Ph.D., F.A.A.H.B.|date=January/February 2000] [cite web|url=http://www.prayzehymnonline.com/articles_happygay.html|title=Oh Happy Gay|author=Cobb, J. Matthew|publisher=Prayze Hymn Entertainment] Subsequent to these rumors circulating, Christopher Harris, his former foster son, levied allegations of homosexuality and pedophilia against Cleveland in a 1994 news article. [cite web|url=http://www.qrd.org/qrd/www/culture/black/articles/gospel.html|title=And The Choir Sings On|author=Graham, Rhonda|publisher=Sunday News Journal|date=October 23, 1994] Neither are widely discussed within the gospel music community. [cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/interviews/2006/bilcarpenter-0206.html|title=Gospel Music: Great Stories, Flawed Characters|author=Taylor, LaTonya|date=February 6, 2006|publisher=Christianity Today]

Trivia

*James Cleveland was the first gospel artist ever to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
*Rev. Cleveland was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Trinity Bible College. Fact|date=October 2008
*David and Delores Winans, matriarch and patriarch of the famous Winans family, met while in the Lucille Lemon Choir, conducted by James Cleveland.
*Aretha Franklin was among the many people who learned from James Cleveland.
*Cleveland's voice was sampled and reworked for the gospel song "One Sunday Morning" by Tonéx.
*He and his choir appear on the song "Where's the Shoorah?" from Elton John's 1976 album "Blue Moves".
*His choir, the Southern California Community Choir, appears in the movie "The Blues Brothers", as the choir backing James Brown (a.k.a. Rev. Cleophus James, the Triple Rock Baptist Church preacher), in a gospel called "The Old Landmark" (1980).

Awards

* Grammy Award won for Best Gospel Album By A Choir Or Chorus 1990: The Southern California Community Choir: "Having Church"
* Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional 1980: James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers: "Lord, Let Me Be An Instrument"
* Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional 1977: James Cleveland: "James Cleveland Live At Carnegie Hall"
* Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance 1974: James Cleveland & The Southern California Community Choir: "In The Ghetto"

References

;Other References
*cite video| people = James Cleveland| title = Gospel| medium = DVD| publisher = Golden Door Productions| year = 1983
*cite web|url=http://grammy.org/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=james%20cleveland&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1|title=Grammy Award Wins by James Cleveland|publisher=Grammy.com

External links

* [http://www.jcchorus.com/Biography.htm Biography of Rev. James Cleveland]
*imdb|0166482