Wolstonian Stage

Wolstonian Stage

The Wolstonian interglacial is the former name for a middle Pleistocene stage that is now known as the Wolstonian Stage in the British Isles. It precedes the Ipswichian Stage (Eemian Stage in Europe) and follows the Hoxnian Stage in the British Iles. The Wolstonian Stage apparently includes three periods of glaciation. The Wolstonian Stage is temporally analogous to the Warthe Stage and Saalian Stage in northern Europe and the Riss glaciation in the Alps. Wolstonian Stage is temporally equivalent to all of the Illinoian Stage, Marine Isotope Stages 6 through 8, and the youngest part of the Pre-Illinoian Stage in North America. This stage is contemporaneous with the North American Pre-Illinoian A, Early Illinoian, and Late Illinoian glaciations.Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986, "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America", Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.] The Wolstonian Stage is equivalent to Marine Isotope stages 6 through 10.McMillan, A.A., 2005, "A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphic framework Great Britain", Netherland Journal of Geosciences. vol. 84, n0. 2, pp, 87-107.] Gibbard, P.L., S. Boreham, K.M. Cohen and A. Moscariello, 2007, [http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/POSTERSTRAT_v2007b_small.jpg"Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b"] , jpg version 844 KB. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England] It started 352,000 years ago and ended 130,000 years ago.Lisiecki, L.E., 2005, [http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LR04_MISboundaries.txt Ages of MIS boundaries.] [http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/stack.html LR04 Benthic Stack] Boston University, Boston, MA] Lisiecki, L.E., and M.E. Raymo, 2005, [http://www.lorraine-lisiecki.com/LisieckiRaymo2005.pdf A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records.] Paleoceanography. vol. 20, PA1003, doi:10.1029/2004PA001071]

The Wolstonian Stage was named after the site of Wolston in the English county of Warwickshire where deposits of this stage were first identified. Acheulian flint tools have been found in Wolstonian deposits.

References

External Links

*Aber, J.S., 2006, [http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/lec17/lec17.htm "Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska"] , Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
*anonymous, 2007, [http://www.quaternary.stratigraphy.org.uk/correlation/chart.html "Global correlation tables for the Quaternary"] , Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England.
*Gibbard, P., 2008a, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/saaliandrenthe.html "Map 6. (Fluvial) Palaeogeography during the Saalian (Drenthe Substage) / Wolstonian glacial maximum."] North West European Rivers, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/ Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group] , Cambridge, England. (Includes PDF file of map)
*Gibbard, P., 2008b, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/saalianglaciation.html "Map 7: Maximum extent of the glaciation during the Saalian / Drenthe / Dneipr Stage (late Middle Pleistocene)."] North West European Rivers, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/ Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group] , Cambridge, England. (Includes PDF file of map)
*Gibbard, P., 2008c, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/nweurorivers/saalianglaciation.html "Map 8: Latest Saalian to early Weichselian drainage during sea level lowstand."] North West European Rivers, [http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/ Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group] , Cambridge, England. (Includes PDF file of map)
*Hallberg, G. R., ed., 1980, [http://gsbdata.igsb.uiowa.edu/gsbpubs/pdf/TIS-11.pdf "Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois"] , PDF version 19.3 MB. Technical information Series. no. 11. Iowa Geological Survey Bureau, Ames, IA.
*Shotton, F.W., nd, [http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quateastanglia.htm "East Anglia and the English Midlands."] [http://www.staffs.ac.uk/schools/sciences/geography/staff/harrist/quatuk/quaternaryhome.htm Ice Age Britain.] , The Shotton Project, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England.

Further reading

*Bowen, D.Q., 1978, "Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work. " Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom. 221 pp. ISBN 978-0080204093
*Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, 2004a, "Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America", Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
*Ehlers, J., P. L. Gibbard, and J. Rose, eds., 1991, "Glacial deposits in Great Britain and Ireland." Balkema, Rotterdam. 580 pp ISBN 978-9061918752
*Mangerud, J., J. Ehlers, and P. Gibbard, 2004, "Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe", Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
*Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., 1986, "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews", vol. 5, pp. 1-514.

ee also

*Ice age
*Glacial period
*Last glacial period
*Timeline of glaciation


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