Taifals

The Taifals, Taifali, Taifalae, Tayfals, or Theifali were a barbarian people settled by the late Roman Empire in Poitou in the fourth century. They served as "dediticii" and "laeti" in the Roman and subsequently Merovingian militaries. They were a nomadic, bellicose people, fighting primarily as cavalry.

ettlement in Oltenia

One of the earliest mentions of the Taifals puts them in the following of the Gothic king Cniva when he campaigned in Dacia and Moesia in 250 and the years following. [Wolfram, 45.] They were probably not Germanic (though some sources consider them closely related to the Goths), but rather related to the Sarmatians, with whom they emigrated from the Central Asiatic steppes. [Maenchen-Helfen, 26 n50, says there is "no evidence they were Germans". Dalton, I, 172 n7, calls them "probably of Asiatic descent." Wolfram, 92, mentions hypothesised Vandalic origin which equates the Taifals with the Lacringi and considers "Taifali" to be a Celtic "cult name".]

In the late third century they settled on the Danube on both sides of the Carpathians, dividing the territory with the Goths, who maintained political authority over all of it. [Wolfram, 56.] In Spring 291 they formed a special alliance with the Gothic Thervingi, forming a tribal confederation from this date until 376,Wolfram, 91.] and fought the Vandals and Gepids: "Tervingi, pars alia Gothorum, adiuncta manu Taifalorum, adversum Vandalos Gipedesque concurrunt". ["Panegyrici Latini", iii [xi] .17, cited in Thompson, 9 n2.] Wolfram, 57ff, mentions a panegyric delivered on 1 April 291 which refers to Thervings and Taiflas defeating a Vandal-Gepid coalition.] Along with the Victufali, the Taifals and Thervingi were the tribes mentioned as having possessed the former Roman province of Dacia by 350 "at the very latest". Archaeological evidence suggests that the Gepids were contesting Transylvania, the region around Szamos, with the Thervingi and Taifals. The Taifals were subsequently made "foederati" of the Romans, from whom they obtained the right to settle in Oltenia. [Thompson, 4.] They were at that time independent of Gothia. [Musset, 36.]

In 328 Constantine the Great conquered Oltenia and the Taifals, probably taking this opportunity to resettle a large number in Phrygia, in the diocese of Nicholas of Myra.Thompson, 11 and n3.] Wolfram, 61 and n141.] In 332 he sent his son Constantine II to attack the Thervingi, who were routed. According to Zosimus (ii.31.3), a 500-man Taifal cavalry regiment engaged the Romans in a "running fight", and there is no evidence that this campaign was a failure. Nonetheless, the Taifals largely fell into the hands of the Romans at this time.

Around 336 they revolted against Constantine and were put down by the generals Herpylion, Virius Nepotianus, and Ursus. [Barnes, "Forty", 226. Ibid, "Constans", 331–332.] By 358 the Taifals were independent "foederati" of Rome and Oltenia lay outside Roman control.Thompson, 13.] They launched campaigns as allies of the Romans from their own Oltenic bases, against the Limigantes (358 and 359) and the Sarmatians (358). [Wolfram, 63.] However, campaigns against the Thervingi by the emperor Valens in 367 and 368 were inhibited by the independence of Oltenia. It is possible, however, that the Taifals at this time were still fighting alongside the Goths. [Wolfram, 67.] In 365 the emperor ordered the construction of defensive towers in "Dacia Ripensis", but whether this was Oltenia is unclear. [Thompson, 14 n1.] Archaeological evidence evidences no "sedes Taifalorum" (Taifal settlements) west of the Olt River.

Crossing the Danube

With the Iazyges and the Carpi the Taifals were harassing the Roman province of Dacia in the mid fourth century. However, the arrival of a new threat—Huns—from Central Asia changed the political layout of Dacia: "the Huns threw themselves upon the Alans, the Alans upon the Goths, and the Goths upon the Taifali and Sarmatae."Ambrose of Milan, "Expositio evangelii secundum Lucam", X.10, quoted in Maenchen-Helfen, 20.] Athanaric had refused to extend his defensive preparations to the Taifalian territory and the Huns forced the Taifals to abandon Oltenia and western Muntenia by 370. [Maenchen-Helfen, 26 and n50.] [Wolfram, 408 n225.] The Taifals allied with the Greuthungi of Farnobius against Rome; they crossed the Danube in 377, but were defeated in late autumn that year. [Id. Ammianus wrote of their annihilation, but Zosimus placed them second to the Goths in importance. They were evidently numerous.] The Taifals were prominent among the survivors of Farnobius' coalition. After the Gothic victory at Adrianople (378) under Fritigern, the Thervingian king Athanaric began to assail the Taifals. Athanaric had not included the Taifals in his defensive construction efforts against the Huns earlier (376). [Wolfram, 71.] The breaking of the alliance between Thervingia and Taifal may have had something to do with disagreements over tactics in light of the Huns and the crossing of the Danube, the Taifals being horsemen and the Thervingi infantry. [Wolfram, 99.]

Sometime before their conversion to Christianity, Ammianus Marcellinus wrote:

It is said that this nation of the Taifali was so profligate, and so immersed in the foulest obscenities of life, that they indulged in all kinds of unnatural lusts, exhausting the vigour both of youth and manhood in the most polluted defilements of debauchery. But if any adult caught a boar or slew a bear single-handed, he was then exempted from all compulsion of submitting to such ignominious pollution. [Ammianus, [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/ammianus_31_book31.htm#C9 31.IX.v] . Greenberg, 243, believes this refers to practices of ritualistic homosexual pederasty among the Taifali warrior class.]

The Taifals were probably never Arians. Their conversion to the Catholic faith probably occurred through Roman evangelism in the mid fifth century. [Wolfram, 238.]

"Colonii" and "laeti" of the Empire

Subsequent to their defeat and falling out with Athanaric, the Taifals were officially resettled as "colonii" to farm lands in northern Italy (Modena, Parma, Reggio, Emilia) and Aquitaine by the victorious general Frigeridus. [Wolfram, 123.] Abandoned Oltenia was settled by the Huns c. 400. Some Taifals allied with the Huns as early as 378, and some were later still allied with them at the Battle of Châlons (451). However, the victory of Adrianople in 378 meant that those Taifals who remained with the Visigoths fought against their cousins at Chalon. In 412, the Taifals entered Aquitaine in the train of the Visigoths.

The Taifals were often teamed with the Sarmatians and the "Citrati iuniores" by the Romans and subsequently by Clovis I. According to the "Notitia Dignitatum" of the early fifth century, there was a unit called the Equites Taifali established by Honorius under the "comes Britanniarum" in Britannia between 395 and 398. [Wolfram, 478 n562.] Possibly this unit may have been sent to the island by Stilicho in 399, and they may have been the same unit as the Equites Honoriani seniores mentioned around the same time. Thus, the Equites Honoriani Taifali seniores served in Britain while the Equites Honoriani Taifali iunores served in Gaul under the "magister Equitum". They used the dragon-and-pearl device on their shields. [Nickel, 139.]

Presence in Merovingian Gaul

Also according to the "Notitia", there was a "praefectus Sarmatarum et Taifalorum gentilium, Pictavis in Galia", that is, a Sarmatian and Taifal prefect in Poitiers in Gaul. [Bachrach, "Merovingian", 12 n30.] The region of Poitou was even called Thifalia or Theiphalia ("Theofalgicus") in the sixth century. The Taifals were instrumental in defeating the Visigothic cavalry hand to hand at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. [Ibid, 17.] Finally, the "Notitia" refers to a troop called the "Comites Taifali" who were formed by the emperor Theodosius the Great and served in the Eastern Empire. [Nischer, 51.]

Under the Merovingians, Theiphalia had its own "dux" (duke). [Bachrach, "Merovingian", 29 and 38.] It is possible that the Taifal "laeti" who had served the Romans also served as garrisons for the Franks, but this is not referred to in primary records. [Dalton, I, 226, who calls them "foederati".] The "laeti" were formally integrated into the Merovingian military establishment under Childebert I. [Ibid, 44.] Gregory of Tours, the principal source for the Taifals in the sixth century, says that a certain Frankish "dux" named Austrapius "oppressed" the Taifals (probably in the vicinity of Tiffauges); they revolted and killed him. [Gregory, IV.18.] The last mention of the Taifals as a distinct "gens" dates from year 565, [In Gregory, Wolfram, 238. Gregory's generally friendly attitude towards the Taifals attests to their orthodoxy and to their relative lack of Gothicisation considering their many years spent in Gothic alliances.] but their Oltenic remnants almost certainly took part in the Lombard migration and invasion of Italy in 568. [Musset, 88.]

The most famous Taifal was Saint Senoch, who founded an abbey at the Roman ruins which are now called Saint-Senoch. [Gregory, V.7.] The Taifal influence extended into the ninth century and their fortresses, like Tiffauges and Lusignan, continued in use under the Carolingians. [Bachrach, "Aquitaine", 24.] It has even been suggested that the Asiatic Taifals and Sarmatians influenced the Germanic arts. [Dalton, I, 172 n7.] They also left their mark in the municipal nomenclature of the region: asides from Tiffauges, mentioned above, Taphaleschat in Corrèze, Toufailles and Toufailloux in Aquitaine, and Chauffailles (formerly "Taïfailia") in Burgundy owe their names to Taifal settlement. Perhaps the town of Tafalla in the Navarre owes its name to these people, but if so, it is unknown if the Taifals were established in Hispania (probably to tame the Basques) by the Romans before 412 or by the Visigoths after that. The town of Taivola in northern Italy was also a Taifal settlement. [Wolfram, 92.]

ources

*Bachrach, Bernard S. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28197007%2945%3A3%3C435%3APAATFM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A "Procopius, Agathias and the Frankish Military."] "Speculum", Vol. 45, No. 3. (Jul., 1970), pp 435–441.
*Bachrach, Bernard S. "Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971.
*Bachrach, Bernard S. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28197401%2949%3A1%3C1%3AMOIAUT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 "Military Organization in Aquitaine under the Early Carolingians."] "Speculum", Vol. 49, No. 1. (Jan., 1974), pp 1–33.
*Barnes, T. D. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-8299%28197422%2928%3A2%3C224%3AAFMP%28D%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L "Another Forty Missing Persons (A. D. 260–395)."] "Phoenix", Vol. 28, No. 2. (Summer, 1974), pp 224–233.
*Barnes, T. D. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0073-0688%281975%2979%3C325%3ACAGIR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T "Constans and Gratian in Rome."] "Harvard Studies in Classical Philology", Vol. 79. (1975), pp 325–333.
*Greenberg, David. "The Construction of Homosexuality". 1988.
*Gregory of Tours. "The History of the Franks". 2 vol. O. M. Dalton, trans. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
*Heather, Peter. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-8266%28199502%29110%3A435%3C4%3ATHATEO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M "The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe."] "The English Historical Review", Vol. 110, No. 435. (Feb., 1995), pp 4–41. ("See map for Taifal migration route in Balkans, p. 8.")
*Lenski, Noel. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0360-5949%281997%29127%3C129%3AIMRICR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H "Initium mali Romano imperio: Contemporary Reactions to the Battle of Adrianople (in History and Ideology)."] "Transactions of the American Philological Association", Vol. 127. (1997), pp 129–168.
*Maenchen-Helfen, J. Otto; Knight, Max (ed). "The World of the Huns: Studies in their History and Culture". Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 0 520 01596 7.
*Musset, Lucien. "The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe AD 400–600". Edward and Columba James, trans. London: Paul Elek, 1975. ISBN 0 236 17620 X. Originally published as "Les Invasions: Les Vagues Germaniques". Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965.
*Nickel, Helmut. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0077-8958%281991%2926%3C139%3ATDATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C "The Dragon and the Pearl."] "Metropolitan Museum Journal", Vol. 26. (1991), pp 139–146.
*Nischer, E. C. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0075-4358%281923%2913%3C1%3ATARODA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F "The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and Their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum."] "The Journal of Roman Studies", Vol. 13. (1923), pp 1–55.
*Thompson, E. A. "The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
*Wolfram, Herwig. "History of the Goths". Thomas J. Dunlap, trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Notes

External links

* Riders of the [http://www.comitatus.net/Home.htm Comitatus] historical reenactment and living history group portray members of the late Roman "Equites Honoriani Taifali seniores" in northern England