Pleopeltis polypodioides

Taxobox
name = "Polypodium polypodioides"

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = "Polypodium polypodioides" on an oak limb after a brief rain

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image2_width = 240px
image2_caption = Fronds on the same limb in desiccated state
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Pteridophyta
classis = Pteridopsida
ordo = Polypodiales
familia = Polypodiaceae
genus = "Pleopeltis"
species = "P. polypodioides"
binomial = "Pleopeltis polypodioides"
binomial_authority = (L.) E.G.Andrews & Windham

"Polypodium polypodioides" (Resurrection fern; syn. "Polypodium polypodioides") is a species of creeping, coarse-textured fern native to the Americas and Africa.

Description

The evergreen fronds of this fern are 25 cm high by 5 cm wide and monomorphic. Margins (edges) are mostly entire. The leathery, yellow-green pinnae (leaflets) are deeply pinnatifid, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, usually widest near middle, occasionally at or near base. It attaches to the limbs of its host plant with a branching, creeping, slender rhizome, which grows to 2 mm in diameter. The scales are lanceolate, with light brown base and margins, and having a dark central stripe.

The gametophytes (the haploid gamete producers) of this plant emerge from very small spores that float in the air and are deposited on moist tree branches. These spores are produced in sporangia that develop on the leaves of the fern's sporophyte. The fern can also reproduce by the division of its rhizomes.

On the underside of the blades, the sori (reproductive clusters) are round, discrete, and sunken. Their outline can be seen as raised dimples on the upper surface. They are typically near the outer edge, and occur on all but the lowest pinnae of fertile fronds. Indusium is absent. Sporangia are yellow to brown at maturity. Spores are produced from summer to fall.

Habitat and water absorption

This fern is an epiphyte, or air plant, which means it attaches itself to other plants and gets its nutrients from the air and from water and nutrients that collect on the outer surface of bark. The Resurrection fern lives on the branches of large trees such as cypresses and can often be seen carpeting the shady areas on limbs of large oak trees. However, it is known to grow on the surfaces of rocks and dead logs as well. It is often found in the company of other epiphytic plants such as Spanish moss.

The Resurrection fern gets its name because it can survive long periods of drought by curling up its fronds and appearing desiccated, grey-brown and dead. However, when just a little water is present, the fern will uncurl and reopen, appearing to "resurrect" and restoring itself to a vivid green color. It has been estimated that these plants could go 100 years without water and still revive after a single soaking.

When the fronds "dry", they curl with their bottom sides upwards. In this way, they can rehydrate the quickest when rain comes, as most of the water is absorbed on the underside of the leaf blades. Experiments have shown that they can lose almost all their free water and remain alive - up to 97%, though more typically they only lose around 76% in dry spells (Moran 2004). For comparison, most other plants would die after losing only 8-12%. This fern can lose almost all the water not hydrating the cells in its leaves and survive.

At least one study has shown association between "P. polypodioides" and moss [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/OAS/oas_htm_files/v80/p99_104nf.html] , indicating that this fern may rely on moss for some of its water needs.

Of note

The resurrection fern is also known by the common names of little gray polypod, scaly polypody and miracle fern.

This plant has been taken on a space shuttle mission to watch its resurrection in zero gravity.

ee also

*Resurrection plant

References

* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500970 Flora of North America: "Pleopeltis polypodioides" var. "michauxiana"]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PLPO2 USDA Plants Profile: "Pleopeltis polypodioides"]
* [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=101520 Flora of Zimbabwe: "Polypodium polypodioides" subsp. "ecklonii"]
* [http://hardyfernlibrary.com/ferns/listSpecies.cfm?Genus=Polypodium&Species=polypodioides "Polypodium polypodioides"] from the Hardy Fern Library.
*Moran, Robbin C., "A Natural history of Ferns". Timber Press (2004).
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/OAS/oas_htm_files/v80/p99_104nf.html The Relationship Between "Pleopeltis polypodioides" (Polypodiaceae) and Associated Mosses] By John W. Story II