- Programmed instruction
Programmed instruction is the name of the technology invented by the behaviorist
B.F. Skinner to automate teaching. It was based on his theory ofVerbal Behavior as a means to accelerate conventional educational learning.Programmed Instruction
It consists of self-teaching with the aid of a textbook or teaching machine that presents material structured in a logical sequence. Programmed instruction allows students to answer questions about a unit of study at their own rate, checking their own answers and advancing only after answering correctly. After each step, they are presented with a question to test their comprehension, then are immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information.
Programmed Learning
This idea was later adapted by
Robert M. Gagné , who invented programmed learning for use in teaching in schools. The difference between programmed instruction (PI) andprogrammed learning (PL) is that PI is intended to modify behavior, whereas PL is used for teaching facts and skills.Personalized System of Instruction
"
Personalized System of Instruction " or (PSI), developed byFred S. Keller , was another idea for how to incorporate programmed learning into the classroom. [Keller, F.S.(1968) Goodbye Teacher, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1310979] ]Errorless Discrimination
Programmed instruction is through early efforts to implement Skinner's basic research findings on learning at Harvard that caused errorless discrimination [Terrace HS. Discrimination learning with and without “errors” J Exp Anal Behav. 1963 Jan;6(1):1–27 [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=13980667] ] techniques to be developed. [Skinner, B.F. (1968) Technology of Teaching, index] Programmed instruction had some early success in aphasia rehabilation [Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. "SLP-ABA, 1.(1)," 56-64 ] .
Programmed instruction today
While not as popular [Goldfarb, R. (2006). Operant Conditioning and Programmed Instruction in Aphasia Rehabilitation. "SLP-ABA," 1(1), Page 56-64 [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ] , programmed instruction continues to be used today. Recently, the application of programmed instruction principles was applied to training in computer programs [ Emurian, H.H. (2007a). Programmed Instruction for Teaching Java: Consideration of Learn Unit Frequency and Rule-Test Performance. "The Behavior Analyst Today, 8( 1)", 70-88 [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org] ] [ Emurian, H.H. (2007b). Teaching Java™: Managing Instructional Tactics to Optimize Student Learning." International Journal of Information & Communication Technology Education, 3(4)", 34-49 [http://nasa1.ifsm.umbc.edu/cv/Emurian_IJICTE_2007.pdf] ] [Emurian, H.H., Holden, H.K., & Abarbanel, R.A. (2008). Managing Programmed Instruction and Collaborative Peer Tutoring in the Classroom: Applications in Teaching Java™. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(2), 576 - 614.] and combined with
Benjamin Bloom 's taxonomy to teach college students [Crone-Todd, D. F. & Pear, J.J. (2001) Application of Bloom's Taxonomy to PSI." The Behavior Analyst Today, 2 (3)", 204 -215. [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ] . Some have argued that there is a resurgence of research on programmed instruction due to use of computers and the internet, [ Eyre, H.L.(2007). Keller’s Personalized System of Instruction: Was it a Fleeting Fancy or is there a Revival on the Horizon?"The Behavior Analyst TodayTM Volume 8, No. 3", 317-324. [http://www.behavior-analyst-online.org BAO] ]External links
* [http://wik.ed.uiuc.edu/index.php/Programmed_instruction#References_and_other_links_of_interest Programmed Instruction]
References
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