French Maastricht Treaty referendum, 1992
- French Maastricht Treaty referendum, 1992
On September 20, 1992, France held a referendum on the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by just over 51% of the voters. The result of the referendum, known as the "petit oui", along with the Danish "No" vote are considered to be signals of the end of the "permissive consensus" on European integration which had existed in most of continental Europe until then. From this point forward issues relating to European integration were subject to much greater scrutiny across much of Europe, and overt euroscepticism gained prominence. [Harmsen, Robert and Menno Spiering, eds. "Euroscepticism: Party Politics, National Identity and European Integration." Amsterdam: Radopi B.V., 2004. p. 25.] Only France, Ireland and Denmark held referenda on Maastricht ratification.
Opponents included the French Communist Party (PCF) and far-left parties such as the Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) or Workers' Struggle (LO), whom opposed what they considered as an advance of neo-liberalism, as well as Euro-sceptics such as the far-right National Front or Philippe de Villiers. Personalities who opposed the ratification included the demographer Emmanuel Todd.
"(source : Ministry of the Interior [http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/avotreservice/elections/rf1992/000/000.html] )"
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