American Cookery

"American Cookery", by Amelia Simmons, was the first known American cookbook that was written by an American for the American market. Until this time, the cookbooks printed and used in what became the United States were British cookbooks, so the importance of this book is obvious to American culinary history, and more generally, to the history of America. The full title of this book was: "American Cookery, or the art of dressing viands, fish, poultry, and vegetables, and the best modes of making pastes, puffs, pies, tarts, puddings, custards, and preserves, and all kinds of cakes, from the imperial plum to plain cake: Adapted to this country, and all grades of life."

This book was quite popular and was printed, reprinted and pirated for 30 years after its first appearance. Only four copies of the first edition (Hartford, 1796) are known to exist.

From the Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University: "The importance of this work cannot be overestimated. Its initial publication (Hartford, 1796) was, in its own way, a second Declaration of American Independence..." Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University]

About the author

The only biographical information known about the author is from the cover and title pages of her cookbook that list her as "Amelia Simmons, An American Orphan"; nothing else is known about the author, so all else is by inference. "American Cookery" is the only known published work by her. She said in her preface:

"The candor of the American Ladies is solicitously intreated by the Authoress, as she is circumscribed in her knowledge, this being original work in this country."

This phrase indicates that she probably lacked formal education. Based on other quotes from her preface, she was most likely a domestic laborer. She wrote of "those females who have parents, or brothers, or riches," and how female orphans may be "reduced to the necessity of going into families in the line of domestics."

Culinary Historian Karen Hess says that because "...the first edition is from Hartford, historians have always assumed that she was a New Englander." However, many of the later editions were published from a cluster around the Hudson River Valley (e.g. - Albany, Salem, Troy, Poughkeepsie, New York). Also, several Dutch words appeared in her work (for example, slaw and cookey), words that would have more likely come from that region, rather than New England. So a case can be made that Simmons more likely came from the Hudson Valley region.Simmons, Amelia. "American Cookery" (2nd ed., Albany, 1796) Facsimile, with introduction by Karen Hess, Applewood Books, 1996, ISBN 978 1557094391]

Karen Hess also referred to Miss. Simmons as a "good plain cook", noting the generous use and variety of herbs and the use of wine in her recipes. Simmons also showed the use of English "extraordinarily fine roasting techniques" in her recipes.

Early editions and 20th century editions

As of 1860, there were 13 known editions of this book, all published from 1796 to 1831.Lowenstein, Eleanor. "Bibliography of American Cookery Books, 1742-1860". American Antiquarian Society, 1972 ISBN 978-0912296029]

In 1808, Lucy Emerson plagiarized Simmons's book (from the Troy, NY 1908 edition) by renaming part of the title and copying verbatim most of the rest of it. She changed the words "American Cookery" to "The New-England Cookery", but the title is otherwise almost the same. Published in Montpelier, VT in 1908. [Emerson, Lucy. [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/books/book_04.cfm "The New-England Cookery"] (Montpelier, 1908) from The Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University]

In 1957, Mary Tolford Wilson wrote "The First American Cookbook", an essay that served as the introduction to the facsimile of the first edition of "American Cookery" (Harttford, 1796). This edition was originally published by Oxford University Press in 1958, and then reissued by Dover Publications in 1984.Simmons, Amelia, "American Cookery" (1st ed., Hartford, 1796) Facsimile, with introduction by Mary Tolford Wilson, Oxford University Press, 1958 (Dover) ISBN 978 0486247106."]

In 1982, Gail Weesner edited and annotated a typographically reset edition with an introduction and an extensive number of individual annotations for recipes in which usage or content needed clarification. The type is easier to read, since the old-fashioned long cursive-like form of the letter "s" (called a long s) that looks like an "ƒ" has been rendered as a modern typographical short "s". Published by Rowan Tree Press (1982). Simmons, Amelia. "American Cookery" [1796] , edited and annotated by Gail Weesner. Boston: Rowan Tree Press (1982) ISBN 0937672114 ]

In 1996, culinary historian Karen Hess encouraged the publishing of the facsimile edition of the "American Cookery"'s second edition (Albany, 1796) by Applewood Books, and wrote the introduction and historical notes for it. This was the Bicentennial edition of "American Cookery", published in 1996.

Importance of text

Firstly, it is the first known cook book that brings together English cooking methods with American products. More specifically, it contains the first known printed recipes with the substitution of American maize (cornmeal) for English oats in otherwise English recipes. The recipe for Johnny Cake is apparently the first printed version made with cornmeal. Both corn and oats are cereal grains. It also contains the first known printed recipe for turkey (which is native to North and Central America) with cranberries.

Secondly, and probably most importantly, it is the first known printed American call for the use of a chemical leavening agent that was the precursor to modern baking power, used to cause dough to rise in baking. At that time, it was known as potash, pearl ash, pearlash, or alkali. Contrast this method with others, such as using yeast.

"Although native Americans had been using corn for many millennia and European and African Americans from earliest pilgrim days, this book offers the first printed recipes using cornmeal..."Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University]

Wilson wries: "This facsimile of the first American-written cookbook published in the United States is not only a first in cookbook literature, but an historic document. It reveals the rich variety of food Colonial Americans enjoyed, their tastes, cooking and eating habits, even their colorful language. Author Amelia Simmons worked as a domestic in Colonial America and gathered her cookery expertize from first-hand experience." By 1831, American Cookery had long been superseded by other American editions of English cookbooks, but Wilson goes on to say "But Amelia Simmons still holds her place as the mother of American cookery books. And no later work, however completely it may reflect the mores of this country, has quite the freshness of this first glimpse caught in the small mirror held up by an American Orphan."

Karen Hess writes: "Indeed, English cookbooks had long been in documented use by the Colonists, going back at least to "The English Hus-wife" of 1615 by Gervase Markham. ... Not one of them included specifically American recipes, although by that time a few native American products had become adopted in English cookery, beginning with turkey and so called French beans, but gradually also both sweet and white potatoes, even chocolate, vanilla, and tomatoes, and so came to be called for in English cookbooks well before the end of the eighteenth century. But we find not one cookbook written by an American, for Americans, that is, until 1796, when American Cookery appeared in Hartford, and later the same year, in Albany."Simmons, Amelia. "American Cookery" (2nd ed., Albany, 1796) Facsimile, with introduction by Karen Hess, Applewood Books, 1996, ISBN 978 1557094391] Hess goes on to say: "So, again, what makes American Cookery so very American? It is precisely the bringing together of certain native American products and English culinary traditions. So English that entire chapters were "borrowed" from The Frugal Housewife by Susannah Carter, which appeared in American editions in 1772 and 1792, and yet so very American in her use of those elements."

Jon Longone writes for the Historic American Cookbook Project: "...the revolutionary and original aspects of her work lie in its recognition and use of truly American produce. There are five recipes using corn meal (corn is indigenous to America): three for Indian Pudding, one for Johnny or Hoe Cake and one for Indian Slapjacks." He continues with "Perhaps the most far-reaching innovation was the introduction of pearlash, a well-known staple in the colonial American household, as a chemical leavening in doughs. This practice eventually led to the compounding of modern baking powders." He ends with: "Thus, twenty years after the political upheaval of the American Revolution of 1776, a second revolution - a culinary revolution - occurred with the publication of a cookbook by an American for Americans." Longone, Jan. Curator of American Culinary History, Clements Library, University of Michigan [http://digital.test.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/intro_essay.html] ]

ee also

* Karen Hess
* American History
* American cuisine
* Cookbook
* Leavening agent
* Baking powder

Notes

Works cited

*Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University: Feeding America. "Simmons, Amelia" Retrieved from http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/authors/author_simmons.html on 2007-05-29.
*Simmons, Amelia. "American Cookery". Oxford University Press, 1958.
*Simmons, Amelia. "American Cookery" 2nd ed. Applewood Books, 1996.

External links

* [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/authors/author_simmons.html Historic American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University: Feeding America]
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri054.html American Treasures of the Library of Congress: First American Cookbook]
* [http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/project.html Feeding America: The Historical American Cookbook Project of Michigan State University] Website on 75 historical cookbooks.