Flaten

Infobox_lake
lake_name = Flaten
image_lake =Flatensjo 1.jpg
caption_lake =
image_bathymetry =
caption_bathymetry =
coords = coord|59|14|59|N|18|9|13|E|region:SE_type:waterbody_scale:100000|display=inline,title
location = southern Stockholm
type =
inflow = Flatenån
outflow = Drevviken
catchment = 403 ha
basin_countries = Sweden
length =
width =
area = 63 ha
depth = 7.4 m
max-depth = 13.6 m
volume = 4,560,000 m²
residence_time = 4 years
shore = 5,460 m (including island)
elevation = 21.9 m
islands = 1 (0.04 ha)
cities = Stockholm
reference =Vattenprogram, p 11.1] Vattenprogram, p 11.11]

Flaten is a lake in southern Stockholm, Sweden, located just north of Lake Drevviken. The name is also used for the surrounding area and the nature reserve created there in 2007.Flaten blir naturreservat]

Flaten has the best water quality of all lakes around the Swedish capital and is highly popular for bathing and angling. The surrounding area is dominated by forests, with allotment-gardens and some industrial activities located north of the lake. Algal bloom occasionally occurs in spring.Flaten]

Catchment area

The undulating wooded grounds of the catchment area are considered as of significant natural value and, through the location within a nature reserve and proximity to Stockholm, also of significant recreational value. A scenic ravine is found by the southern end of the lake while most nearby settlements are located north of it. The arrea is used for various open-air activities including walking, bathing, camping, canoeing, and fishing. The area is a fine example of the fissure-valley landscape prevalent in the entire Stockholm County, featuring elevated flat rocks separated by valleys with oaks and spruces, some of which can be several hundreds years old. In the catchment area are also three allotment-gardens and the residential area Skarpnäck. A bathe is located on the eastern shore.Vattenprogram, p 11.3-11.4] The catchment area for groundwater is much larger than that for stormwater.Vattenprogram, p 11.6]

Environmental influence

In summer, when the lake is stratified, bottom layers suffer of oxygen depletion causing release of phosphorus. Treatment with aluminium chloride in 2000, however, greatly reduced the amount of leaking phosphorus. Most of the surface runoff reaching Flaten comes from a ditch ("Flatendiket") stretching a kilometre to empty in the northern end of the lake where two sedimentation basins reduces the amount of pollutants reaching the lake. The ditch also receives stormwater from local settlements rich in nutrients and from the only road in the catchment area which contains metals and PAHs. Occasionally, the ditch therefore transports waste water to the lake which the available caissons mostly fails to treat properly. However, pipes from the bathe lead to a local sewage disposal plant, and, additionally, the catchment area was reduced by some 20 per cent in 1978 when stormwater from the graveyard Skogskyrkogården was guided past the lake, which decreased pollution but also increased lake retention time.

Flora and fauna

In summers, phytoplankton algae are dominated by cyanobacteria and some carapace flagellates. Other species have been abundant, but today only a single nitrogen fixating algae is present in the lake. During winters and springs, "Planktothrix agardhii" adopt a red colour which occasionally colours the lake in shades of red and brown. Larger zooplankton include water fleas (Bosmina) and copepods (Daphnia); and smaller species, rotifers, seem to have increased during the later part of the 1990s. An inventory of aquatic plants in 1997 resulted in a list of 13 species, most commonly Spring Quillwort, Awlwort, Shoreweed, and Needle Spike-rush. The shores of Flaten are covered with Bog-myrtle. Trailing plants have occasionally been abundant near the bathe.

A documentation of lake bed fauna in 1997 registered 68 species, of which 14 were freshwater Gastropods commonly found around Stockholm and 5 were Dragonflies. Notable catches included European Stream Valvata ("Valvata piscinalis") and Duck Mussel. Common fishes are Perch, Roach, and Silver Bream, with bigger variations in population for Carp bream, Northern pike, Tench, Bleak, Ruffle, and Zander (notwithstanding attempts to introduce the latter). Crayfish have been successfully introduced. 13 breeding bird couples were documented in 1994 of which the Black-throated Diver is considered the most important, even though the species is sensitive for interference so breeding might be challenging. Four of five amphibians with a natural habitat in the Stockholm area are found by the lack, as were four species of bats.

See also

* Geography of Stockholm
* Lakes of Sweden

Notes

References

* cite web
url = http://www.stockholmvatten.se/Stockholmvatten/Vattnets-vag/Sjovard/Sjoar-och-vattendrag/Flaten/
title = Flaten
publisher = Stockholm vatten
date = 2007-03-01
accessdate = 2007-05-28
language = Swedish
* cite web
url = http://www.stockholmvatten.se/Stockholmvatten/commondata/infomaterial/Sjo/11Flaten.pdf
title = Vattenprogram för Stockholm 2000 - Flaten
accessdate = 2007-05-28
language = Swedish
* cite web
url = http://www.stockholm.se/Extern/Templates/Page.aspx?id=76743
title = Flaten blir naturreservat
publisher = City of Stockholm
date = 2006-03-21
accessdate = 2007-05-28
language = Swedish