Vignetting

Vignetting

In photography and optics, vignetting is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image center. A similar effect occurs when filming projected images or movies off a projection screen, the so-called hotspot, defining a cheap home-movie look where no proper telecine is used.

Although vignetting is normally unintended and undesired, it is sometimes purposely introduced for creative effect, such as to draw attention to the center of the frame. A photographer may deliberately choose a lens which is known to produce vignetting. It can also be produced with the use of special filters or post-processing procedures.

Causes

There are several causes of vignetting. Sid RaySidney F. Ray, Applied photographic optics, 3rd ed., Focal Press (2002). distinguishes the following types:

* Mechanical vignetting
* Optical vignetting
* Natural vignetting

A fourth cause is unique to digital imaging:

* Pixel vignetting

Mechanical vignetting

Mechanical vignetting occurs when light beams emanating from object points located off-axis are partially blocked by external objects such as thick or stacked filters, secondary lenses, and improper lens hoods. The corner darkening can be gradual or abrupt, depending on the lens aperture. Complete blackening is possible with mechanical vignetting.

Optical vignetting

This type of vignetting is caused by the physical dimensions of a multiple element lens. Rear elements are shaded by elements in front of them, which reduces the effective lens opening for off-axis incident light. The result is a gradual decrease of the light intensity towards the image periphery. Optical vignetting is sensitive to the aperture and can be completely cured by stopping down the lens. Two or three stops are usually sufficient. .

Natural vignetting

Unlike the previous types, natural vignetting (also known as natural illumination falloff) is not due to the blocking of light rays. The falloff is approximated by the cos4 or "cosine fourth" law of illumination falloff. Here, the light falloff is proportional to the fourth power of the cosine of the angle at which the light impinges on the film or sensor array. Wideangle rangefinder designs and the lens designs used in compact cameras are particularly prone to natural vignetting. Telephoto lenses, retrofocus wideangle lenses used on SLR cameras, and telecentric designs in general are less troubled by natural vignetting. A gradual grey filter or postprocessing techniques may be used to compensate for natural vignetting, as it cannot be cured by stopping down the lens.

Pixel vignetting

Pixel vignetting only affects digital cameras and is caused by angle-dependence of the digital sensors. Light incident on the sensor at a right angle produces a stronger signal than light hitting it at an oblique angle. Most digital cameras use built-in image processing to compensate for optical vignetting and pixel vignetting when converting raw sensor data to standard image formats such as JPEG or TIFF. The use of microlenses over the image sensor can also reduce the effect of pixel vignetting.

Post-shoot

For artistic effect, vignetting is sometimes applied to an otherwise un-vignetted photograph and can be achieved by burning the outer edges of the photograph (with film stock) or using digital imaging techniques, such as masking darkened edges.
In digital imaging, this technique is used to create a more film-like appearance in the picture.

References

* [http://www.vanwalree.com/optics/vignetting.html Van Walree's webpage on vignetting] uses some unorthodox terminology but illustrates very well the physics and optics of mechanical and optical vignetting.
*Peter B. Catrysse, Xinqiao Liu, and Abbas El Gamal: [http://www-isl.stanford.edu/groups/elgamal/abbas_publications/C074.pdf QE Reduction due to Pixel Vignetting in CMOS Image Sensors] ; in Morley M. Blouke, Nitin Sampat, George M. Williams, Jr., Thomas Yeh (ed.): "Sensors and Camera Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography Applications," Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 3965 (2000).
* Yuanjie Zheng, Stephen Lin, and Sing Bing Kang, [http://research.microsoft.com/users/stevelin/vignetting.pdf Single-Image Vignetting Correction] ; IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2006


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • vignetting — spalvotumo išraiška statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Litografijos terminas – fotografinis procesas, kurio metu tikra spalva atvaizduojama rastru, kuris laipsniškai gali mažinti ar didinti jos intensyvumą. atitikmenys: angl. vignetting pranc.… …   NATO terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

  • vignetting — A method of producing a band of color or tone on a map or chart, the density of which is reduced uniformly from edge to edge …   Military dictionary

  • Vignetting — Виньетирование …   Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии

  • vignetting — vi·gnette || vɪ njet n. brief elegant characterization of a scene or a person (in written, musical, or dramatic form); picture that fades at the edges without a defined border; decorative illustration in various places in a book (e.g. beginning …   English contemporary dictionary

  • vignetting — TV Undesirable darkening at the corners of a picture, as if viewer s peering through a telescope, due to improper matching of lens to camera pickup s scope exceeds lens size …   Audio and video glossary

  • vignetting — /vɪnˈjɛtɪŋ/ (say vin yeting) noun a reduction in intensity of the light transmitted through an optical system at the edges of the field of view, because of the interference by the aperture with light rays which are not axial. In photography, it… …  

  • vignetting — noun ( s) 1. : a reduction in intensity of illumination at the edges of a field of view of an optical instrument due to the restrictive action of the edge of the aperture for rays that are not axial 2. : the progressive reduction in the… …   Useful english dictionary

  • Vignetting effect — Виньетирование концов строк при фотонаборе (дефект) …   Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии

  • Canon EF-S lens mount — The EF S lens mount is a derivative of the EF lens mount created for a subset of Canon digital single lens reflex cameras with APS C sized image sensors. Cameras supporting the EF S mount are backward compatible with the EF lens mount.The S in EF …   Wikipedia

  • Canon EF-S 10-22mm lens — Infobox photographic lenses name = EF S 10 22mm f/3.5 4.5 USM maker = Canon feat is = n feat usm = y feat sbf = y feat macro = n application = landscape/interiors flength = 10 22mm (35 mm equivalent of 16 35mm) fov = 1.6 aperture = f/3.5 4.5 f/32 …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”