Society for the Reformation of Manners

The Society for the Reformation of Manners [In 17th century English, "manners" meant "morals" rather than etiquette.] was founded in the Tower Hamlets area of London in 1691. [http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/1727ruin.htm Reformation Necessary to Prevent Our Ruin, 1727] , Rictor Norton.] Its espoused aims were the suppression of profanity, immorality, and other lewd activities in general, and of brothels and prostitution in particular. It was one of many similar societies founded in that period, marking a sea-change in the social attitudes in England following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, shifting from the socially liberal attitudes of the Restoration period under Charles II and James II to a more moral and censorious attitude of respectability and seriousness under William and Mary. Although inspired and fed by the moral excesses of London, branches were set up in towns and cities as far afield as Edinburgh, where Daniel Defoe was a member, though the societies never flourished in rural areas.

The Society was arranged in four tiers, with the "Society of Original Gentlemen" at the top. These eminent professionals (lawyers, judges and MPs) along with the original founders, provided the expertise and financing to enable prosecutions to proceed. The next tier was the "Second Society" which consisted mainly of tradesmen, and whose role it was to suppress vice. Among other methods, the "Second Society" employed a blacklist which they published annually to shame the alleged offenders. Below the tradesmen was the "Association of Constables" who took a more active role in arresting the miscreants who offended the public morality. Finally the fourth layer consisted of informers: a network of "moral guardians" throughout the City of London, with two stewards in each parish, to gather information about moral infractions. The central committee of "Original Gentlemen" collected the information with a view to passing the information to the local magistrates, so the malefactors could be prosecuted and punished. The Society would pay others to bring prosecutions, or bring prosecutions on its own account.

A prominent supporter of the Society was John Gonson, Justice of the Peace and Chairman of the Quarter Sessions for the City of Westminster for 50 years in the early 18th century. He was noted for his enthusiasm for raiding brothels and for passing harsh sentences, and was depicted twice in William Hogarth's "A Harlot's Progress" series of paintings and engravings. In around 1770, the Society denounced Covent Garden as:

The Society sought and gained the patronage of both Church and Crown: John Tillotson, the Archbishop of Canterbury between 1691 and 1694 actively encouraged the Society and his successor Thomas Tenison commended them to his bishops, while Queens Mary and Anne both issued "Proclamations against Vice" at the Society's urging. The Society also had influence within the House of Lords, demonstrated by a declaration of support signed by 36 of the members. While there were undoubtedly MPs that shared the Society's viewpoint and some which were members, there was little relevant legislation passed during the period of the Society's activities and the Society paid little attention to the House of Commons. Jonathan Swift wrote a supportive tract in his "A Project for the Advancement of Religion, and the Reformation of Manners" (1709), although some detect satirical intent in the otherwise serious proposal. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=0576W4f0zEbDN68K&id=gFNSCVYBqikC&pg=RA1-PA399&lpg=RA1-PA399]

The Society also brought lawsuits against playwrights whose plays were perceived to contain insufficient moral instruction. The new attitude to the theatre may be judged from the anti-theatre pamphlet "Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage" by Jeremy Collier, from 1698, who attacked the lack of moral instruction contained in contemporary plays, such as "Love For Love" (1695) by William Congreve and "The Relapse" (1696) by John Vanbrugh, signalling the end of the popularity of Restoration comedy.

The Society flourished until the 1730s, with 1,363 prosecutions in 1726-7. [ [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=5916 Commentary] on "Conjugal Lewdness" (1727) by Daniel Defoe, from the Literary Encyclopedia.] There was a series of raids on "molly houses" (homosexual brothels) in 1725. One prominent victim of the Society was Charles Hitchen, a "thief-taker" and Under City Marshal. He acted as a "finder" of stolen merchandise, negotiating a fee for the return of the stolen items, while extorting bribes from pickpockets to prevent arrest, and leaning on the thieves to make them fence their stolen goods through him. His business may have been undermined by the success of his competitor Jonathan Wild. In 1727, Hitchen was accused of sodomitical practices, and tried for sodomy (a capital offence) and attempted sodomy. He was sentenced to a fine of 20 pounds, to be put in the pillory for one hour, and then to serve six months in prison. He was badly beaten while in the pilory, and died soon after being released from prison.

The Society was revived for a period in the 1750s, triggered by the libertine excesses of the Hellfire Club, and was recognised by George II. A later successor was William Wilberforce's Society for Suppression of Vice, founded following a Royal Proclamation by George III in 1787, "For the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue, and for the Preventing and Punishing of Vice, Profaneness and Immorality".

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*cite book|title=Wits, Wenchers and Wantons - London's Low Life: Covent Garden in the Eighteenth Century|first=E.J.|last=Burford|publisher=Hale|pages=260|date=1986|id=ISBN 0709026293
*cite book|title=Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation|first=Alan|last=Hunt|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|pages=272|id=ISBN 0521646898
* [http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/grub/vice.htm The Reformation of Manners] , extracts from 18th century newspapers, compiled by Rictor Norton.