Tierra Firma

For the rainforest type, see terra firme.

Tierra Firma (also Tierra Firme, Spanish for continent, see Diccionario de la Lengua Española de la Real Academia) served in Spanish colonial times as the name of the Isthmus of Panama, which was a province of New Granada.

In 1509, authority was granted to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa, to colonize the territories between the west side of the Gulf of Urabá and Cabo de la Vela, and Urabá westward to Cabo Gracias a Dios in present-day Honduras. The westernmost portion was given the name Tierra Firme. Other provinces of this region during this era were Nueva Andalucia and Veragua or Castilla del Oro; the main city in Tierra Firme was Santa Maria La Antigua del Darién, now Darién, Panama, near at mouth of the Tarena river. The idea was to create a unitary administrative organization similar to Nueva España (now Mexico), near the Captaincy General of Guatemala.

Tierra Firme later received control over other territories: the Isla de Santiago (now Jamaica) the Cayman Islands; Roncador, Quitasueño, and Providencia and other islands now under Colombian control; and the territories of present-day Costa Rica and Nicaragua as far as Cabo Gracias a Dios. The eastern frontier of Tierra Firme also included the east side of the Gulf of Darién or Urabá, the east side of the Atrato and Truando rivers, ending in Cabo Marzo on the Pacific side. Between these limits lie Santa Maria La Antigua Del Darien on the Gulf of Urabá and Jurado on the Pacific side.

When the Central American states gained independence, the precise frontiers were unclear. For example, some ancient maps and historical references suggest that the entire Caribbean coast as far as Cabo Gracias a Dios as part Tierra Firme or Castilla Del Oro. On the other hand, this would embrace populated regions of the Mosquito Coast that were never under the effective rule of Tierra Firme. Disputes over both of Panama's frontiers were finally solved by agreements with Costa Rica and Colombia, respectively.

External links

• Tierra Firma item Nuevo Reyno de Granada atque Popayan, map showing this usage (and giving both spellings). The map is from L'Histoire du Nouveau Monde ou description des Indes Occidentales, contenant dix-huict livres... enrichi de nouvelles tables geographiqiues & figures des animaux, plantes & fruicts by Joannes de Laet (1593–1649), published 1640 by Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, Leiden.

Sources

• M.M. Alba C., Geografíi Descriptiva de la Republica de Panama ("Descriptive Geography of the Republic of Panama"). Sixth Edition, text approved by Ministry of Education. Panama: Imprenta Nacional. 1962. (In Spanish.)
• Lucien N.B. Wise, Le Canal De Panama, L Isthme Americain explorations : Comparaison des Traces Etudies, Negociations; Etats des Travaux, Libraire Hachette Et C, Paris, 1886; (Tr Spanish:"El Canal De Panama, Itsmo Americano. Exploraciones; Comparaciones de los trazados Estudiados; negociaciones; estados de los trabajos, Published by Loteria Review N°4, Imprenta "la Academia", Panama, 1956.
• Ernesto J.Castillero R., Historia de Panama ("History of Panama"), Ninth Edition. Editorial Renovación. 1968. (In Spanish.)
• Noris Correa de Sanjur, Historia de Panama ("History of Panama"), a school text approved by Ministry of Education. Editorial A.I.P.S.A. 1984. (In Spanish.)
• el Portal de la Música Típica, section: - "Recordando La Guerra de Coto en el Centenario de Panama" (In Spanish.) Portal for "typical" music (characteristic of Panama): "Remembering the Coto War on the Centenary of Panama".