Short Knuckleduster

infobox Aircraft
name = R.24/31 (S.18 Knuckleduster)
type = General purpose flying-boat
manufacturer = Short Brothers



caption =
designer = (Sir) Arthur GougeBarnes and James 1989, p. 280.]
first flight = 30 November 1933
introduced =
retired = 1938
status =
primary user = Short Brothers
more users = Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE),Felixstowe
produced = Rochester
number built = 1
unit cost =
variants with their own articles =

The Short R.24/31 (or Short S.18 and nicknamed the "Knuckleduster") was a British twin-engined, high-wing cantilever gull winged monoplane flying-boat designed and built by Short to Air Ministry specification R.24/31 for a "General Purpose Open Sea Patrol Flying Boat". The contract also specified the use of the experimental Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine. The Saunders-Roe London and the Supermarine Stranraer competed successfully for this contract.

Although it never saw military service, the Knuckleduster provided useful information on the steam-cooling of engines and the handling of monoplane flying-boats; much experimental data gathered contributed to the design of the successful Empire and Short Sunderland aircraft.Barnes and James 1989, p. 284.] . The Knuckleduster was possibly the first gull-winged seaplane built.fact|date=May 2007

Design and development

The British Air Ministry issued its Specification R.24/31 for a "General Purpose Open Sea Patrol Flying Boat" in 1931 and ordered one prototype from each of Saunders-Roe, Supermarine and Shorts. Whereas the other two companies opted for traditional biplane designs, Shorts received a contract to produce a more modern, all-metal monoplane aircraft with the experimental steam-cooled, cast block Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine, itself a development of the smaller Kestrel engine.

The Knuckleduster's straight-sided hull was of all-metal (Alclad) box-section construction, from the bow as far as the pointed main step at the rear of the planing bottom; aft of the main step the fuselage was of monocoque construction. The central section of the hull was boxed and braced by diagonal frames to bear the loads from the wing-root attachments. [Barnes and James 1989, p. 281.]

The wing sections inboard of the engines were attached at a 30° dihedral angle, thus providing sufficient clearance for the airscrews from water-spray during takeoff. The wings were designed for high torsional stiffness, each comprising a box-spar with four tapered stainless steel tubular booms. Fuel tanks were mounted within the wings; sprung and braced wingtip floats were fitted. The wing surfaces were of fabric.

The experimental 720hp Rolls-Royce Goshawk steam-cooled engine was specified for the "Knuckleduster," which led to many problems due to the engine's unreliability. The engines, with conspicuous condensers protruding vertically from the nacelles, were mounted at the "knuckle" between the dihedral inner and the horizontal outer wing sections.

The tail unit comprised a horizontal plane braced by struts with two vertical fins and rudders, also supported by diagonal bracing to the fuselage. As a result of early test results, fin area was increased; a major redesign of the tail unit was requested by John Parker and implemented at considerable cost.

In addition to the enclosed cockpit in which the pilot and the navigator sat side-by-side, there was a gunner's cockpit in the bow, stations for the engineer and radio operator and a navigator station with a chart-table, sighting ports and two folding bunks. A third folding bunk and two fixed bunks were mounted in the crew's living quarters, which also included a galley and, further aft, stowage space for drogues and a lavatory.

Further armament was provided by a midships gun mounting and a rear gunner's cockpit in the tail; bombs could be mounted in underwing bomb racks and there was also provision for a torpedo to be transported (but not launched). All guns mountings carried a single Lewis Gun.

Operational history

First launched the previous day, the first flight of the prosaically-named R.24/31 (serial "K3574") took place on 30 November 1933, piloted by Shorts' Chief Test Pilot John Lankester Parker and crewed by George Cotton and W. Howard Bell. [Barnes and James 1989, p. 282.] Parker noted that the fins were flexing so he landed immediately. After the fins had stiffening added the aircraft flew again successfully on the 15 December. Other problems found during testing were that the boat could not be trimmed straight and level, the fin area was increased by 18% and the tail was re-designed including fitting a cupola over the tail gun position.

On conclusion of test flying in mid-June the Knuckleduster was flown to Felixstowe for official trials with the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE).Barnes and James 1989, p. 283.] . The aircraft was judged not to meet the specification particularly regarding top speed and range even though these were not a priority in the specification. In October 1934 the boat was returned to Rochester for repair following an accident, a collision with another flying-boat. It was repaired and several modification incorporated before it returned to Felixstowe in March 1935.

In April the Knuckleduster joined 209 Squadron at Mount Batten, Plymouth for service trials alongside the Stranraer and London. Air Pictorial May 1971, p.176.] This included an appearance at the Royal Air Force display at Hendon. It was returned to the MAEE in October 1935. Despite suffering engine problems it continued to carry out trial flights until September 1938, when it was retired from flying duties and assigned to No. 2 School of Technical Training in Cosford for instructional purposes..

Although it was not ordered into production mainly hindered by the unreliable engines, a new Air Ministry Specification R2/33 was released before it flew which would lead to the Short Sunderland. The Sunderland was another large monoplane flying-boat that had benefited from the work on the R24/31.

Operators

;UK
*Royal Air Force
**No. 209 Squadron RAF
*Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment

pecifications

aircraft specifications

plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop

ref=British Aircraft Directory [http://www.britishaircraft.co.uk/aircraftpage.php?ID=385 Short R.24/31 'Knuckleduster'] British Aircraft Directory, 29 November 2003, Retrieved: 17 May 2007.

] [Barnes and James 1989, p. 285.]
crew=5
capacity=
payload main=
payload alt=
length main= 63 ft 3 in
length alt= 19.3 m
span main= 90 ft 0 in ft
span alt= 27.4 m
height main= 19 ft 6 in
height alt= 5.95 m
area main= 1,147 ft²
area alt= 106.5 m²
airfoil= Göttingen 436 (outer wing sections)
empty weight main= 11,720 lb
empty weight alt= 5,320 kg
loaded weight main= 18,500 lb
loaded weight alt= 8,395 kg
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=
max takeoff weight alt=
more general=

engine (prop)= Rolls-Royce Goshawk VIII
type of prop= steam-cooled cast-block V12
number of props= 2
power main= 775 hp
power alt= 578 kW
power original=

max speed main= 150 mph
max speed alt= 130 knots, 240 km/h
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
stall speed main=
stall speed alt=
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
range main= 1,040 miles
range alt= 904 NM, 1,675 km
ceiling main= 15,500 ft
ceiling alt= 5,030 m
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=
loading alt=
thrust/weight=
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=

armament=
*3 x Lewis Guns

avionics=

ee also

aircontent
related=
*Saunders-Roe London
*Supermarine Stranraer
similar aircraft=
*Dornier Do 26
sequence=

lists=
see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Barnes, Christopher H. and Derek N. James. "Shorts Aircraft since 1900". London: Putnam, 1989. ISBN 0-85177-819-4.
* "Prototypes And Experimentals No 1: Short R.24/31". "Air Pictorial", May 1971, p. 176.