Tanbur (Turkish)

Infobox Instrument
name = Tanbur
names = Tambur


classification = String instrument
range =
related =
*Tanbur
**Bağlama
**Saz
**Yaylı tanbur

musicians =
* Tanburi Büyük Osman Bey
* Şeyh Abdülhalim Efendi
* Tanburi İzak Efendi
* Tanburi Küçük Osman Bey
* Tanburi Numan Ağa
* Zeki Mehmed Ağa
* Oskiyam
* Tanburi Ali Efendi
* Tanburi Cemil Bey
* Kadı Fuad Efendi
* Refik Fersan
* Necdet Yaşar
* Ercüment Batanay
* İzzettin Ökte
* Murat Salim Tokaç
* Özer Özel
builders =
* Agop Ohanyan
* Baron Baronak (1834-1900)
* Aziz Mahmut Efendi (19^th century)
* Artin Uzunyan (Harutyun) (1845 - ?) & Ohannes Uzunyan
* Vasil (1875-1915)
* Zeynel Abidin Cümbüş (1881-1947)
* Mehmet Murat Sümbüloğlu aka Murat Sümbül Usta (1884-1960)
* Üsküdarlı Mustafa Usta (1885-1935)
* Galip Sözen (1890 - ?)
* Cevdet Kozanoğlu (1896-1986)
* Onnik Garifyan (Küçüküner) (1900-?)
* Mustafa Sazer (1903-1981)
* Hadi Eroğluer (1910 -1990)
* Kumkapılı Ziya Usta (1910 - ?)
* Agâh İdem (1910? - ?)
* Haldun Menemencioğlu (1912 -1972)

Tanbur (spelled "Tambur" in keeping with TDK conventions) is a fretted string instrument of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. Like the ney, the armudi (lit. pear-shaped) kemençe and the kudüm, it constitutes one of the four instruments of the basic quartet of Turkish classical music aka "Sanat Musikisi" (lit. Art Music). Of the two variants, one is played with a plectrum and the other with a bow. The player is called a "Tanburî".

History and development

There are several hypotheses as to the origin of the instrument. One suggests that it descended from the kopuz, a string instrument still in use among the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and the Caspian region [ÖZKAN, İsmail Hakkı, "Türk Mûsıkîsi Nazariyatı ve Usûlleri", Ötüken Neşriyat : Istanbul (Turkey), 2000 (6^th Edition).] . The name itself derives from the Arabic "tunbur" which in turn might have descended from the Sumerian "pantur". The name and its variants ("tambura", "dambra") denote also a wide spectrum of pear-shaped string instruments in Persia and Central Asia, yet these instruments share only their names with the Ottoman court instrument, and in fact are more akin to bağlamas or sazes. In ancient Hittite texts, we come across a string instrument called "tibula", [GOETZE, Albrecht, "Hethitisches Wörterbuch. 3. Erganzungsheft by Johannes Friedrich" in "Journal of Cuneiform Studies", Vol. 22, No. 1 (1968), pp. 16-24.] which is most likely to have been the ancestor of the Ottoman court instrument via Byzantine "tambouras". This latter hypothesis could also account for the favor the instrument received in the Ottoman court vis-à-vis its rival, the oud. As of the 17^th century AD, the tanbur had already taken its present form and structure and assumed the preponderant role it still holds in Classical Turkish Music performance.

Description of the instrument

Tanburs are made almost entirely of wood. The shell ("Tekne") is assembled from strips of hardwood called ribs joined edge to edge to form a semi-spherical body for the instrument. The number of ribs traditionally amounts to 17, 21 or 23, yet tanburs with slightly wider and consequently fewer ribs (7, 9 or 11) can also be found among older specimens. Traditionally, thinner strips called "fileto" are inserted between the ribs for ornamental purposes, but are not obligatory. The most common tonewood veneers used for rib-making are mahogany, flame maple, Persian walnut, Mecca balsam wood ("Commiphora gileadensis"), Spanish chestnut, Greek juniper, mulberry, Oriental plane, Indian rosewood and apricot. Ribs are assembled on the bottom wedge (tail) and the heel on which the fingerboard is mounted.

The soundboard ("Göğüs") is a rotund thin (2.5-3 mm) flat three-, two- or single-piece plate of resonant wood (usually Nordmann, silver or Greek fir). This circular plate measuring about 30 to 35 cm in diameter is mounted on the bottom wedge and the heel with simmering glue and encircled with a wooden ring. A soundhole is either wanting or consists of a very small unornamented opening (mostly in historical specimens), giving the instrument its peculiar satiated sonority.

The neck ("Sap") is a mince (only 4-4.5 cm in diameter) 100-110 cm long D-section fingerboard made of light wood and carries catgut frets adjusted to give 36 intervals in an octave. Catgut frets are fixed on the neck by means of minute nails. The main bridge is trapezoidal and mobile, and since the shell lacks braces to support the soundboard, the latter slightly yields in under the bridge. The smaller upper bridge between the pegbox and the neck is traditionally made of bone.

The plectrum is made of tortoise shell and is called "bağa" (meaning turtle). Cut in an asymmetrical V-form and polished at 45° on the tip, it measures 2-2.5 mm x 5-6 mm x 10-15 cm. Nowadays it has seven strings. In the past tanburs with eight strings were not uncommon.

A variant: the yaylı tanbur

The yaylı tanbur has a similar physical appearance, although the shell -a nearly perfect semi-sphere- might be made of metal. It is played with a bow instead of a plectrum. The technique was introduced by Tanburi Cemil Bey in the end of the 19^th century. Ercüment Batanay is at present the most outstanding virtuoso of this instrument. The yaylı tanbur is held vertically on the knees, as opposed to the regular one where the neck is maintained horizontal to the ground at all times.

Performers and techniques

Owing to its long past, the tanbur has let flourish several schools of interpretation. Oldest description of tanburîs is reported by the French traveller Charles Fonton who describes the use of catgut frets [FONTON, Charles, "Essai sur la musique orientale comparée à la musique européenne : où l'on tâche de donner une idée générale de la musique des peuples de l'orient", 17^th c. in NEUBAUER, Eckhard, "Der" Essai sur la musique orientale "von Charles Fonton mit Zeichnungen von Adanson", Frankfurt am Main : Institute for the history of Arabic Islamic science , 1999.] . A Turkish musical theory written in the beginning of the 18th century by the famous Kantemir Pasha -first an Ottoman citizen of Polish-Moldovian origin, then voivode of Moldovia- elucidates for the first time the proper intervals to use on a tanbur. Yet there is little mention of playing styles and the first tanbur master recorded by chronicles and of whom we have solid information is Tanburi İzak Effendi, who is said to have brought the tanbur playing technique to maturity. Today, he is considered as the reference of the "old style" in tanbur playing, partially recovered in the 20th century by Mesut Cemil. Sheikh of the Rifai Tekkesi in Kozyatağı (Istanbul) Abdülhalim Efendi was his pupil and carried on the same tradition. In the 18^th century, among the notable tanbur players we could name Numan Agha, Zeki Mehmed Agha, Tanburî Küçük Osman Bey, all of whom remained representatives of this allegedly old style. The first virtuoso to claim renovation was Tanburi Büyük Osman Bey who broke up with his father Zeki Mehmed Agha's technique to present his own. Later on, this later style became so prevalent that the older technique came to suffer oblivion. The musical heritage transmitted to Suphi Ezgi by Abdülhalim Efendi, and from the former to Mesut Cemil, an eminent figure in 19th Turkish Classical Music, has helped retrieve the essentials of this old technique. One last important tanburi successfully performing according to principles of the old school was Cemil Özbal (1908–1980) from Gaziantep.

Yet the most renowned and probably the most prolific of tanburis is Tanburi Cemil Bey, who not only excelled in virtuosity, but who also bequeathed a heritage that later prominent figures of Turkish Classical Music such as Niyazi Sayın and Necdet Yaşar claimed.

ee also

*

References

; Sources consulted

; Endnotes

External links

; Videos

* [http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=tanbur+-yayl%C4%B1 "Tanbur" videos]