Beatrice Ensor

Beatrice Ensor (1885-1974) was a theosophical educationist, pedagogue, co-founder of the New Education Fellowship (later World Education Fellowship) [http://www.wef-international.org/] and editor of the journal "Education for the New Era" [http://www.wef-international.org/new_era.html] .

Born in Marseille on 11th August 1885, Beatrice Nina Frederica de Normann was the eldest child of Albert Edward de Normann and Irene Matilda (née Wood). Her father was in the shipping business and her early years were spent in Marseille and Genoa, hence her fluency in Italian and French. She was greatly influenced by a theosophical book that a visitor to her home had left. This led in 1908 to her joining the Theosophical Society, which came to play an important part in her life. She had two brothers - Sir Eric de Normann (K. B. E., C. B) and Albert Wilfred Noel de Normann ("Bill").

Coming to England to complete her education, she trained as a domestic science teacher and for a short while taught the subject at a college in Sheffield. This led to her being appointed Inspector of women’s and girls’ education by Glamorgan County Council. She became disenchanted with the regimented and passive teaching she saw but when she inspected a Montessori school in Cheltenham, she became very interested in the ideas of Maria Montessori [http://www.montessori-ami.org/] who she met and corresponded with. She attended a conference in East Runton in 1914 organised by the New Ideals in Education group; the topic of the conference was 'The Montessori Method in Education'

Theosophy and St Christopher School

In the early months of World War I she was appointed by the Board of Education as H. M. Inspector of domestic science in South West England based in Bath. But she found civil service work uncongenial and, having played a major part in founding the Theosophical Fraternity in Education, she was invited to become Organising Secretary of the Theosophical Education Trust in 1915. In this role one of her main tasks was the consolidation of the Society’s educational work at Letchworth Garden City into St Christopher School [http://www.stchris.co.uk/] , which was co-educational and boarding, with Isabel King as its Headmistress. One of the teachers at the school for a while was V. K. Krishna Menon [http://www.tkminstitute.org/] . She worked closely for a time with George Arundale who became the President of the Theosophical Society, Adyar.

In 1917 she married Robert Weld Ensor, of Northern Irish/English descent, who had served in the Canadian North West Mounted Police [http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/history/history_e.htm] and was then a Captain in the Canadian Army coming to England and then going on the Murmansk Expedition . It was theosophy that brought them together. They had one son, Michael, born in 1919. Annie Besant, Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa and Harold Baillie-Weaver were his godparents.

New Era in Education

After the war she helped to bring under nourished Hungarian children to Britain for a spell to recover their health. She travelled to Budapest and returned with the first party. For this she was awarded a medal by the Hungarian Red Cross [http://www.ifrc.org/address/hu.asp] . But a more enduring role to her Theosophical role was the production, with A. S. Neill for a time as joint editor, of the Journal "Education for the New Era" [http://www.neweraineducation.co.uk/] , which still flourishes some 85 years later. Co-operating magazines in French and German followed edited by Adolphe Ferrière [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Ferri%C3%A8re] and Elisabeth Rotten [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Rotten] respectively.

The New (World) Education Fellowship

on the ‘Creative Self-Expression of the Child’, with attendance of over 100. Although this was inspired by theosophists anxious to prevent another world war, what emerged was the New (later World) Education Fellowship [http://www.wef-international.org/] , an entirely non-political and non-sectarian forum for new ideas in education. It was not to advocate any particular method but to ‘seek to find the thread of truth in all methods’. It still has active sections in some 20 countries. Beatrice Ensor, together with the editors of the other two journals, formed the initial organising committee of the N.E.F., which held international conferences at two yearly intervals, presided over by distinguished educationists and pedagogues.

The second conference of 1923 was held in Montreux, Switzerland and there she met Professor Carl Jung whom she invited to speak at a meeting in London (where she introduced him to H G Wells), Emile Jacques-Dalcroze, Professor Franz Cizek and Alfred Adler.

In 1929 the conference was held in Kronborg Castle, Helsingör, Denmark and amongst the delegates and speakers were Maria Montessori, Rabindranath Tagore, Jean Piaget, Adolphe Ferrière [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Ferri%C3%A8re] , Ovide Decroly, Helen Parkhurst, Pierre Bovet [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bovet] , and Paul Geheeb [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Geheeb] .

She was a member of the Education Advisory Committee of the Labour Party for a short while but her utopian views clashed with those of R. H. Tawney and resigned her position.

The N.E.F. and Unesco

Just as theosophy had a profound influence on the N.E.F. so the N.E.F. had a profound influence on the creation of UNESCO [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=29008&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html] . It was described as "the midwife at the birth of UNESCO" (Kobayashi) and has been an NGO [http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc_portal.asp?mode=gn&code=635] of UNESCO since 1966 (Hiroshi Iwama). It changed its name to W.E.F. that year.

Frensham Heights School

Meanwhile problems were building up within the Theosophical Education Trust leading to tensions in the Letchworth community in which the termination of her husband’s appointment as Secretary of the Trust played a part. In 1925 Isabel King and Beatrice Ensor left to establish Frensham Heights [http://www.frensham-heights.org.uk/] , a co-educational school in Surrey, from Montessori to university entrance level, for which Mrs. Edith Douglas-Hamilton (one of the Wills tobacco heiresses) provided the capital. Some of the St Christopher staff and children moved to Frensham to form its nucleus. However, two years later, Mrs. Douglas-Hamilton died unexpectedly without having established the financial independence of the school that she had intended. The dramatic change produced a situation where Beatrice Ensor and Isabel King did not feel they could work. They both left but the break was without bitterness and they both remained on the board of governors for several years.

Lecture Tours and South Africa

Beatrice Ensor then concentrated her work on the New Era and N.E.F. and undertook two lecture trips to North America, speaking on new movements in education. She was also one of an educational group that was invited to tour Poland.

Her husband had moved to Louterwater in South Africa where he acquired a large farm in a little developed valley, recently found to be suitable for the growing of deciduous fruit. The orchards he planted were just beginning to bear by 1933 when he died. This meant that Beatrice had to move to South Africa and take over the farm. This greatly restricted her educational work. She was one of a group invited to lecture in Australia in 1937, where she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Western Australia, Perth. She helped the South African section of the N.E.F. and financed and had built on her farm a school for mixed race children, for whom no provision existed in the area.

When it became clear that her son would be pursuing a civil service career, just as her brothers had done, and did not want to take on the farm she sold it and moved to a house on the coast near Plettenberg Bay. But when her family were settled in England she moved there to be with her grandchildren, living first at Blackheath, then in London, at Dolphin Square, where she died in 1974.

References

* "An Investigation into the Origins of UNESCO (The Genesis of UNESCO, the New Education Fellowship and the Theosophical Fraternity in Education)" - by Hiroshi Iwama - Orion Printing Company, Tokyo December 20, 1998
* "St Christopher School 1915-1975" Letchwoth, Aldine Press by Reginald Snell - first published in 1975
* "A New Education for a New Era: Creating International Fellowship Through Conferences 1921-1938. Paedogogica Historica Volume 40", Numbers 5-6/October 2004, pp. 733-755(23) by Professor Kevin J. Brehony
* de Normann, B. and G. Colmore (1918). Ethics of Education. London, Theosophical Publishing House
*d e Normann, B. (1917). The educational aspect of infant welfare work. in Report of the Conference of Education Associations. London: 210-215
* de Normann, B. (1917). "Educational Reconstruction (1) The Present Position of Education in Great Britain -- Beatrice." The Herald of the Star 6(March): 121
* de Normann, B. (1917). Brotherhood and education. London, Theosophical Educational Trust.

External links

* [http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/neille.PDF UNESCO]
* [http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/obarae.pdf UNESCO]
* [http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/FERNIG_2.PDF UNESCO]
* [http://ioewebserver.ioe.ac.uk/ioe/cms/get.asp?cid=9347&9347_0=15400 Institute of Education, University of London (abstract)]
* [http://www.unige.ch/fapse/SSE/erhise/ECER2002.html University of Geneva]
* [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/T98JDRFAHHT8B68K.pdf Professor Kevin J. Brehony]
* [http://www.montessori-ami.org/ami/milestones1929.htm Association Montessori Internationale]
* [http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a713997366&fulltext=713240928 Informaworld on the WEF]
* [http://www.wef-international.org/ The World Education Fellowship International]
* [http://www.wef-international.org/new_era.html The New Era in Education]
* [http://www.neweraineducation.co.uk/PDFs/v82n03%20p71-75%20Margaret.pdf Margaret White]
* [http://www.frensham-heights.org.uk/ethos/history.html Frensham Heights School]
* [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cpdh/2004/00000040/F0020005/art00009 Paedagogica Historica]
* [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110004471362/en/ Naruto University of Education, Japan]
* [http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=beatrice+ensor&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&newSearch=true&rnd=1200059511406&searchtype=keyword ERIC (Education Resource Information Center]