Non Performing Asset

Non Performing Asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to asset classification issued by The Reserve Bank of India.

Thirty days past due

An amount due under any credit facility is treated as "past due" when it has not been paid within 30 days from the due date. Due to the improvement in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, upgradation of technology in the banking system, etc., it was decided to dispense with 'past due' concept, with effect from March 31, 2001. Accordingly, as from that date, a Non performing asset (NPA) shell be an advance where:

# interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of a Term Loan,
# the account remains 'out of order' for a period of more than 180 days, in respect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC),
# the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted,
# interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and
# any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 180 days in respect of other accounts.

Ninety days overdue

With a view to moving towards international best practices and to ensure greater transparency, it has been decided to adopt the '90 days overdue' norm for identification of NPAs, form the year ending March 31, 2004. Accordingly, with effect form March 31, 2004, a non-performing asset (NPA) shell be a loan or an advance where:

# interest and /or installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of a Term Loan,
# the account remains 'out of order' for a period of more than 90 days, inrespect of an overdraft/ cash Credit(OD/CC),
# the bill remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in the case of bills purchased and discounted,
# interest and/ or installment of principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons but for a period not exceeding two half years in the case of an advance granted for agricultural purpose, and
# any amount to be received remains overdue for a period of more than 90 days in respect of other

Out of order

An account should be treated as 'out of order' if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit/ drawing power. In case where the outstanding balance in the principal operating account is less than the sanctioned limit/ drawing power, but there are no credits continuously for six months as on the date of balance sheet or credits are not enough to cover the interest debited during the same period, these account should be treated as 'out of order'.

Overdue

Say the due date for any pament is 4 th of September 2008 but the customer is not paying the amount by this date, this amount will be shown as overdue in the cibil.

REASONS FOR RISE IN NPAs

FACTORS FOR RISE IN NPAs The banking sector has been facing the serious problems of the rising NPAs. But the problem of NPAs is more in public sector banks when compared to private sector banks and foreign banks. The NPAs in PSB are growing due to external as well as internal factors.

EXTERNAL FACTORS Ineffective recovery tribunal The Govt. has set of numbers of recovery tribunals, which works for recovery of loans and advances. Due to their negligence and ineffectiveness in their work the bank suffers the consequence of non-recover, their by reducing their profitability and liquidity.

 Wilful DefaultsThere are borrowers who are able to payback loans but are intentionally withdrawing it. These groups of people should be identified and proper measures should be taken in order to get back the money extended to them as advances and loans. Natural calamitiesThis is the measure factor, which is creating alarming rise in NPAs of the PSBs. every now and then India is hit by major natural calamities thus making the borrowers unable to pay back there loans. Thus the bank has to make large amount of provisions in order to compensate those loans, hence end up the fiscal with a reduced profit.

Mainly ours framers depends on rain fall for cropping. Due to irregularities of rain fall the framers are not to achieve the production level thus they are not repaying the loans.

 Industrial sicknessImproper project handling , ineffective management , lack of adequate resources , lack of advance technology , day to day changing govt. Policies give birth to industrial sickness. Hence the banks that finance those industries ultimately end up with a low recovery of their loans reducing their profit and liquidity.

 Lack of demand Entrepreneurs in India could not foresee their product demand and starts production which ultimately piles up their product thus making them unable to pay back the money they borrow to operate these activities. The banks recover the amount by selling of their assets, which covers a minimum label. Thus the banks record the nonrecovered part as NPAs and has to make provision for it.

 Change on Govt. policies With every new govt. banking sector gets new policies for its operation. Thus it has to cope with the changing principles and policies for the regulation of the rising of NPAs.

The fallout of handloom sector is continuing as most of the weavers Co-operative societies have become defunct largely due to withdrawal of state patronage. The rehabilitation plan worked out by the Central govt to revive the handloom sector has not yet been implemented. So the over dues due to the handloom sectors are becoming NPAs.

INTERNAL FACTORS

 Defective Lending process There are three cardinal principles of bank lending that have been followed by the commercial banks since long. i. Principles of safetyii. Principle of liquidityiii. Principles of profitability

i. Principles of safetyBy safety it means that the borrower is in a position to repay the loan both principal and interest. The repayment of loan depends upon the borrowers:

a. Capacity to pay

b. Willingness to pay

Capacity to pay depends upon: 1. Tangible assets 2. Success in businessWillingness to pay depends on: 1. Character 2. Honest 3. Reputation of borrowerThe banker should, there fore take utmost care in ensuring that the enterprise or business for which a loan is sought is a sound one and the borrower is capable of carrying it out successfully .he should be a person of integrity and good character.

 Inappropriate technologyDue to inappropriate technology and management information system, market driven decisions on real time basis can not be taken. Proper MIS and financial accounting system is not implemented in the banks, which leads to poor credit collection, thus NPA. All the branches of the bank should be computerised.

 Improper swot analysis The improper strength, weakness, opportunity and threat analysis is another reason for rise in NPAs. While providing unsecured advances the banks depend more on the honesty, integrity, and financial soundness and credit worthiness of the borrower. • Banks should consider the borrowers own capital investment. • it should collect credit information of the borrowers froma. From bankersb. Enquiry from market/segment of trade, industry, business.c. From external credit rating agencies.• Analyse the balance sheetTrue picture of business will be revealed on analysis of profit/loss a/c and balance sheet.• Purpose of the loanWhen bankers give loan, he should analyse the purpose of the loan. To ensure safety and liquidity, banks should grant loan for productive purpose only. Bank should analyse the profitability, viability, long term acceptability of the project while financing. Poor credit appraisal systemPoor credit appraisal is another factor for the rise in NPAs. Due to poor credit appraisal the bank gives advances to those who are not able to repay it back. They should use good credit appraisal to decrease the NPAs.

 Managerial deficienciesThe banker should always select the borrower very carefully and should take tangible assets as security to safe guard its interests. When accepting securities banks should consider the 1. Marketability 2. Acceptability 3. Safety 4. Transferability.

The banker should follow the principle of diversification of risk based on the famous maxim “do not keep all the eggs in one basket”; it means that the banker should not grant advances to a few big farms only or to concentrate them in few industries or in a few cities. If a new big customer meets misfortune or certain traders or industries affected adversely, the overall position of the bank will not be affected. Like OSCB suffered loss due to the OTM Cuttack, and Orissa hand loom industries. The biggest defaulters of OSCB are the OTM (117.77lakhs), and the handloom sector Orissa hand loom WCS ltd (2439.60lakhs). Absence of regular industrial visitThe irregularities in spot visit also increases the NPAs. Absence of regularly visit of bank officials to the customer point decreases the collection of interest and principals on the loan. The NPAs due to wilful defaulters can be collected by regular visits.

 Re loaning processNon remittance of recoveries to higher financing agencies and re loaning of the same have already affected the smooth operation of the credit cycle. Due to re loaning to the defaulters and CCBs and PACs, the NPAs of OSCB is increasing day by day.