Banqiao Dam

The Banqiao Reservoir Dam (zh-cp|c=板桥水库大坝|p=Bǎnqiáo Shuǐkù Dàbà) and Shimantan Reservoir Dam (zh-cp|c=石漫滩水库大坝|p=Shímàntān Shuǐkù Dàbà) are among 62 dams in Zhumadian Prefecture of China's Henan Province that failed catastrophically or were intentionally destroyed in 1975 during Typhoon Nina.

History

The Banqiao dam was built in the early 1950s on the Ru River as part of a project to control flooding and generate electricity and as a response to severe flooding in the Huai River Basin in 1949 and 1950 [http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/aug1975.htm] . The dam was 118 meters high (387 ft) and had a storage capacity of 492 million m³ (398,000 acre feet), with 375 million m³ (304,000 acre feet) reserved for flood storage. Cracks in the dam and sluice gates appeared after completion due to construction and engineering errors. They were repaired with advice from Soviet engineers and the new design, dubbed "the iron dam", was considered unbreakable.

Chen Xing was one of China's foremost hydrologists and was involved in the design of the dam. He was also a vocal critic of the government dam building policy, which involved many dams in the basin. He had recommended 12 sluice gates for the Banqiao Dam, but this was scaled back to 5 and Chen Xing was criticized as being too conservative. Other dams in the project, including the Shimantan Dam, had similar reduction of safety features and Chen was removed from the project. In 1961, after problems with the water system surfaced, he was brought back to help. Chen continued to be an outspoken critic of the system and was again removed from the project.

1975 Flood

The Dam was designed to survive a 1-in-1,000-year flood (convert|306|mm|in|0|sp=us of rainfall per day). In August of 1975, however, a 1-in-2,000 year flood occurred, poured more than a year's rainfall in 24 hours (new records were set, at convert|189.5|mm|in|2|sp=us rainfall per hour and convert|1060|mm|in|1|sp=us per day, exceeding the average annual precipitation of about convert|800|mm|in|0|sp=us) [http://english.people.com.cn/200510/01/eng20051001_211892.html After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China's worst dams burst accident surface] ] , which weather forecasts failed to predict [China Central Television reports that the typhoon disappeared from radar [http://www.cctv.com/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/20060330/100946.shtml] . According to Xinhua [http://english.people.com.cn/200510/01/eng20051001_211892.html] , the forecast was a rainfall of 100 mm by the Beijing-based Central Meteorological Observatory.] , produced by the collision of Super Typhoon Nina and a cold front. Communication to the dam was largely lost due to the collapse of buildings under heavy rain and wire failures. On August 6, a request to open the dam was rejected, because of the existing flood in downstream areas. On August 7, however, the request was accepted, but the telegraphs failed to reach the dam [http://www.cctv.cn/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/20060330/100946.shtml] .

The sluice gates were not able to handle the overflow of water, partially due to sedimentation blockage [ [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0765602067&id=R9w2RfP-mtQC&pg=RA2-PA33&lpg=RA2-PA33&ots=uubW7L0HXX&sig=U7uCRfs5pxfduwuNTiqDhxr24oo#PRA2-PA32,M1 The River Dragon Has Come!: Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People] ] . On August 7 at 7:30 p.m., the People's Liberation Army Unit 34450, which was deployed on the Banqiao Dam, sent the first dam failure warning via telegraph. On August 8, 12:30 a.m., the smaller Shimantan Dam, which was designed to survive a 1-in-500-year flood, failed to handle more than twice its capacity and broke upstream, only 10 minutes after Unit 34450 sent a request that would open the Banqiao Dam by air strike. A half hour later, at 1:00 a.m., water crested at the Banqiao Dam and it too failed. This precipitated the failure of 62 dams in total. The runoff of Banqiao Dam was convert|13000|m3|acre ft|sp=us per second in vs. convert|78800|m3|acre ft|sp=us per second out, and 701 million tons of water was released in 6 hours, while 1,670 million tons of water was released in 5.5 hours at upriver Shimantan Dam, and 15.738 billion tons of water was released in total.

The resulting flood waters caused a large wave, which was convert|10|km|mi|sp=us wide, convert|3|-|7|m|ft|sp=us high in Suiping (遂平), to rush downwards into the plains below at nearly convert|50|km/h|mph|sp=us, almost wiped out an area convert|55|km|mi|sp=us long, convert|15|km|mi|sp=us wide, and created temporary lakes as large as convert|12000|km2|sqmi|sp=us. Seven county seats, namely Suiping, Xiping(西平), Ru'nan (汝南), Pingyu (平舆), Xincai (新蔡), Luohe (漯河), Linquan (临泉), were inundated, as were thousands of square kilometers of countryside and countless communities. Evacuation orders had not been fully delivered because of weather conditions and poor communications. Telegraphs failed, signal flares fired by Unit 34450 were misunderstood, telephones were rare, and some messengers were caught by the flood. While only 827 out of 6,000 people died in the evacuated community of Shahedian just below Banqiao Dam, half of a total of 36,000 people died in the unevacuated Wencheng commune of Suipin County next to Shahedian, and the Daowencheng Commune was wiped from the map, killing all 9,600 citizens. Although a large number of people were reported lost at first, many of them returned home later. Tens of thousands of them were carried by the water to downriver provinces and many others fled from their homes.

To protect other dams from failure, several flood diversion areas were evacuated and inundated, and several dams deliberately destroyed by air strikes to release water in desired directions. The Nihewa and Laowangpo flood diversion areas downstream of the dams soon ran out of their capacity and gave up part of their storage on August 8, forcing more flood diversion area to begin to evacuate. The dikes on the Quan River collapsed in the evening of August 9, and the entire Linquan county in Fuyang, Anhui was inundated. As the Boshan Dam, with a capacity of convert|400000000|m3|acre ft|sp=us, crested, and the water released from the failures of Banqiao and Shimantan was rushing downstream, air strikes were made against several other dams to protect the Suya Lake dam, which was already holding 1.2 billion m³ of water [http://www.cctv.cn/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/20060330/101011.shtml] . Suya Lake only won a temporary reprieve, and both it and Boshan became targets as well. Finally, the Bantai Dam, which was holding 5.7 billion m³ of water, was bombed. [http://www.cctv.cn/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/20060330/101061.shtml]

The Jingguang Railway, a major artery from Beijing to Guangzhou, was cut off for 18 days, as were other crucial communications lines. Although 42,618 People's Liberation Army troops were deployed for disaster relief, all communication to and from the cities was cut off. Nine days later there were still over a million people trapped by the waters, relying on airdrops of food and unreachable to disaster relief. Epidemics and famine devastated the trapped survivors. The damage of the Zhumadian area was estimated 3.5 billion Renminbi yuan [http://www.cctv.cn/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/20060330/101102.shtml] . The Zhumadian government appealed to the whole nation for help, and received more than 300 millions Renminbi in donations [http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2005-08-09/06296643805s.shtml The 30 Year Anniversary of the August, 1975 flood] ] .

After the flood, a summit of National Flood Prevention and Reservoir Security at Zhengzhou, Henan was held by the Department of Water Conservancy and Electricity, and a nationwide reservoir security examination was performed after this meeting. Chen Xing was again brought back to the project and aided in clearing the river channels.

Casualties

According to the Hydrology Department of Henan Province [ [http://www.hnsl.gov.cn/look0/article.php?L_Type=1&id=297] ] , in the province, approximately 26,000 people died from flooding and another 145,000 died during subsequent epidemics and famine. In addition, about 5,960,000 buildings collapsed, and 11 million residents were affected.

The death toll of this disaster was declassified in 2005.

Legacy

Many of the dams have been rebuilt, including Banqiao in 1993 and Shimantan in 1996. In 2005, Typhoon Haitang approached China with a path similar to Typhoon Nina, dropped heavy rains in the Zhumadian area but did minimal damage to the area .

A documentary film about the 1975 flood was broadcast by CCTV-1 between April 4, 2006 and April 7, 2006.

References

ee also

*Huai He (to which the Ru River is tributary)
*Natural disasters in China

External links

* [http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/China1.htm HRW report]
* [http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/dam-basics/silenced-rivers-ecology-and-politics-large-dams Excerpt from "Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams", by Patrick McCully]
* [http://www.usbr.gov/ssle/dam_safety/risk/Estimating%20life%20loss.pdf A Procedure for Estimating Loss of Life Caused by Dam Failure]
* [http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/aug1975.htm The Catastrophic Dam Failures in China in August 1975]
* [http://www.hnsl.gov.cn/look0/article.php?L_Type=1&id=297 Flood and Draught in the History, Hydrology Department of Henan (Simplified Chinese)]
* [http://news.163.com/41124/6/15VFF9QE00011249.html The Worst Dam Failure in the World, The Truth of the Failure of Ban Qiao Dam, Henan (Simplified Chinese)]
* [http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/197503.html.en Typhoon Nina Track]
* [http://english.people.com.cn/200510/01/eng20051001_211892.html After 30 years, secrets, lessons of China's worst dams burst accident surface]
* [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN0765602059&id=R9w2RfP-mtQC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=%22banqiao+dam%22&vq=banqiao&sig=iLFE-G5Wi98R2Q2ttAgnbQ3y3Jk The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People]
* [http://www.cctv.cn/program/jzql/topic/history/C15481/02/index.shtml transcript:four-episode documentary film: Remember the Flood in August 1975]