Typhoon Nina (1975)

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Super Typhoon Nina
Basin=WPac
Year=1975
Type=super typhoon
Image location=Typhoon Nina (1975) Ex. Deepening.jpg

August 2.
Formed=July 30, 1975
Dissipated=August 6, 1975
1-min winds=135
Pressure=904
Fatalities=175,000-200,000 direct
Damagespre=≥
Da

Inflated=0
Areas=China, Taiwan
Hurricane season=1975 Pacific typhoon season

Super Typhoon Nina (international designation: "7503", JTWC designation: "04W") was a short-lived but intense 1975 super typhoon that caused major damage and deaths in China, mainly from the collapse of the Banqiao Dam. Over 100,000 people died because of the resulting floods, making it one of the deadliest tropical cyclones recorded in history Fact|date=May 2008. The collapse of the dam due to heavy floods also caused a string of smaller dams to collapse, adding more damage by the typhoon.

Meteorological history

A well defined trough line extending southeastward into the Philippine Sea spawned a disturbance on July 29. After initial status as a disturbance, Tropical Depression 04W moved southwestward for 36 hours as the structure of the system began to organize. On July 31, the depression slowed down and began to rapidly intensify to a tropical storm and was named "Nina" then it began to turn to the northwest. A subtropical ridge prevented Nina from turning further north and it began to track west-northwest just before reaching typhoon intensity.

Nina underwent explosive development on the late hours of August 1. Aircraft reconnaissance reported a 64 hPa drop of pressure on the same day as well as August 2 with wind speeds increasing from a mere 65 kt (75 mph, 120 km/h) to 130 kt (150 mph, 240 km/h) during that period and it attained its peak intensity of 135 kt (155 mph, 250 km/h) later that day. The typhoon began to weaken as it approached Taiwan, making landfall near the coastal city of Hualien as a Category 3 storm with 100 kt (115 mph, 185 km/h) winds. [https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/1975_complete.pdf JTWC's ATCR on the 1975 typhoon season]

The storm began to weaken as it battered across the island's central mountain range, sparing the most populated areas from the eyewall. It entered the Formosa Straits as a weak typhoon and the storm came ashore near Jinjiang, Fujian, China. [http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6814 Pan Jiazheng, the progress of the 1975 flood] After moving toward the northwest and crossing Jiangxi, it turned north on the night of August 5 near Changde, Hunan. A day later, the storm moved over Xinyang, Henan, and later at Zhumadian, Henan for three days, and the typhoon brought heavy rainfall, causing the infamous collapse of the Banqiao Dam. The storm moved southwest on August 8, and dissipated soon afterwards. [http://www.hnqx.cn/xqhy/xq_view.jsp?id=6778]

Impact

Taiwan

The impact of Nina upon Taiwan was moderate since it made landfall in the central mountains, far enough away from any population centers to restrict the destructive winds near the center.

Mainland China

Nina was only a tropical storm at landfall on mainland China, yet caused much more destruction near the Huai He. Setting the highest rainfall record of 1062mm/24h in Mainland China, the Banqiao Dam received 2000-year flood conditions and collapsed the same way a string of smaller dams collapsed. In all, 62 dams failed during the disaster, causing large temporary lakes and $1.2 billion (1975 USD, $4+ billion 2005 USD) in damage. [ [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html Anderson-Berry 5-1 paper ] ]

Death Toll

The death toll for Typhoon Nina will most likely never be known for sure; official body counts are scarce. However, it can be safely assumed that tens of thousands of residents perished in the cataclysm and likely over 100,000 more from an epidemic resulting from the floodwaters. Nonetheless, Nina was the 2nd deadliest typhoon in recorded history in the West Pacific, behind an unnamed typhoon that hit Haiphong, Vietnam in 1881. Nina was also the 6th deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide and was also the deadliest "named" cyclone ever recorded, but the exact death toll from Cyclone Nargis in 2008 is not known, and likely never will be.

Notes

ee also

* List of tropical cyclones
* Banqiao Dam
* Cyclone Nargis

External links

* [http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1975/4/track.dat Nina 1975 best track data]
* [https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1975atcr/pdf/wnp/04.pdf Joint Typhoon Warning Center]
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/ChenLianshou2-1.html FIFTH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TROPICAL CYCLONES TOPIC 2.1 Observing and forecasting rainfall]
* [http://ams.confex.com/ams/27Hurricanes/techprogram/paper_107755.htm 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology]