Goram and Vincent

Goram and Vincent (or Ghyston) are legendary giants in the folklore of the Bristol area, UK.

The legend and its variants

The legend of Goram and Vincent of Bristol belongs to the genus of myths which explain the origin of local geographical features by supernatural activity, and trade on existing place-names in order to do so. Such myths are often also the basis for other new names. Of course, it is unlikely that this story was ever intended to be taken seriously by sober adults. It comes in more than one version ( [http://brisray.com/bristol/bhist1.htm Ray Thomas' account] ).

The most widespread version of the legend relates that two local giants, Goram and Vincent - who, according to one version, were brothers - fancied the same woman, the beautiful Avona (whose name is that of the major local river, the Avon, in Latin dress). She was open-minded about her suitors, and offered herself to whichever of them could drain the lake which supposedly once occupied the space between Bradford-on-Avon (Wiltshire) and Bristol. They chose different routes through the limestone hills for their drainage channels. Goram opted for a route through Henbury, and Vincent chose one on the south side of Clifton.

Unfortunately for Goram, he overheated while hard at work, drank a giant quantity of ale, and fell asleep in his favourite (stone) chair, whilst Vincent paced himself better and completed his channel. (One version depicts Goram as lazy and Vincent as keen and industrious.) The geographical point is to explain the narrow gorge of the Hazel Brook (a tributary of the river Trym) in Henbury and the dramatic Avon Gorge through which the Avon now flows. The onomastic point is to account for the name of the Avon Gorge, but this is a bit feeble since the river has had this name from time immemorial. [Ekwall, Eilert (1928) English river-names. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p21-23] [Smith, A.H. (1964) The place-names of Gloucestershire, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the English Place-Name Society, p3]

The legend also provides a basis for explaining the existence of other geographical features. When Goram woke up, he was distraught at losing Avona’s affections. He first stamped his foot in a pet, creating The Giant's Footprint in the Henbury gorge, and then drowned himself in the Severn. The two islands in the Severn estuary, Steep Holm and Flat Holm, are his head and shoulder. Goram also has his Soap-Dish, which is a short pillar capped with earth, [Hallen and Henbury Women's Institute (1993) A history of Henbury, 3rd edition, p39] and a pool also in the Henbury gorge; this name has no obvious relation to the legend in its current forms. (For other features in the Bristol area, see also below.)

The transmission of the legend

The oldest known version of the legend is to be found in William Camden's "Britannia" (1586). A variant version is given by Robert Atkyns in his history of Gloucestershire (1712, p. 188). The Camden version was reworked by the boy poet Thomas Chatterton (Bristol City Archives, doc. ref. Harford 28048), who attributed his verses, as usual, to his alter ego, a medieval monk named Rowley.

The names

The seemingly rather strange choice of the name "Vincent" for one of the giants rests on the fact that at Clifton, at the narrowest point of the Avon Gorge, there was formerly an ancient hermitage and/or chapel dedicated to St Vincent, at or near the present cave in the cliff-face which bears his name. Another (apparently modern) version of the story calls the Clifton giant "Ghyston", which is in fact the name, of obscure origin, for the whole of the cliff-face of the Avon Gorge at least as early as the mid-fifteenth century, in the detailed description of the Bristol area by William Worcestre. [Neale, Frances, ed. (2000) William Worcestre: the topography of medieval Bristol. Bristol: Bristol Record Society] The place-name was obviously personified to produce the giant’s name. Vincent’s Cave is called "Ghyston cave" or "The Giant’s Hole" in an article in the [http://www.axbridgecavinggroup.org/group_documentation/history/ghyston_or_giants_cave.shtml July 1837 issue of "Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal"] .

Goram’s name seems to have been borrowed from Iseult’s father, the king of Ireland in early versions of the romance of Tristan and Iseult, which might suggest that the legend arose sometime after 1200. "Gorm" is Irish for 'blue' or 'dark-skinned'. The Christian name "Vincent" is first found in England in the 13th century, [Withycombe, E.G. (1977) The Oxford dictionary of English Christian names, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p289, under Vincent] suggesting a fashionable cult of the saint (St Vincent the Deacon) around that time. These two factors conspire to suggest a possible 13th century origin for the Bristol legend, but that is completely uncertain. It is not known, for example, whether the Clifton hermit was himself called "Vincent" and later became associated with the famous saint. St Vincent might also have been known in Bristol relatively early through the city’s wine trade with Portugal and Spain (he was born in Huesca, lived and worked in Zaragoza, and is patron saint of Lisbon and of vintners).

Goram in modern times

Folklore seems to have favoured the loser in the battle of the giants, as Goram is commemorated in the features Goram’s Chair and Footprint (some versions seem to treat these as the same thing, saying that the Chair was formed by the giant stamping his foot) and Soap-Dish in the gorge of the Hazel Brook. Perhaps the nearby feature Lover’s Leap also recalls the legend, but this is a conventional name for precipices which often have unsubstantiated tales of lovers’ suicides attached. A pub of the early 1960s on the Lawrence Weston housing estate in west Bristol is called "The Giant Goram", [Helme, Judy (2003) In the footsteps of giants: a history of Lawrence Weston. Bristol: acta Community Theatre Ltd, p124] and there was formerly (from about 1954 sporadically to 1996) a funfair bearing Goram’s name on the Blaise Castle landed estate (by then in the hands of Bristol City Council) in Henbury. [Helme, Judy (2003) In the footsteps of giants: a history of Lawrence Weston. Bristol: acta Community Theatre Ltd, p121] [Hallen and Henbury Women's Institute (1993) A history of Henbury, 3rd edition, p39]

Vincent in other variants

In another version of the myth, Goram dug the Avon Gorge himself and there is no sign of Vincent in the story. Having completed the job, he carelessly fell over a barrow called Maes Knoll, on Dundry Hill south of Bristol, and plunged into the Severn estuary, as above. In yet another, Vincent and Goram shared a pickaxe as they went about their labours, and Vincent accidentally killed Goram by throwing it to him inaccurately halfway through their respective jobs. Vincent finished the Avon Gorge out of remorse and did some other major construction work like the Stanton Drew stone circles and even Stonehenge. One or the other giant is said to have created Maes Knoll hillfort and the pre-Anglo-Saxon period linear earthwork Wansdyke, south-east of Bristol, more or less accidentally with his digging tools. [Tongue, Ruth L., ed. K.M. Briggs (1965) Somerset folklore. London: Folk-Lore Society, p127] There are other variants.

A derived legend

The story has also been adapted to other local circumstances. The early 19th-century cleric and folklorist Rev. John Skinner collected a tale from the area that is now called "Druid Stoke" from a local farmer ( [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/6964 account of Druid Stoke burial chamber ] ). Two giants had thrown stones at each other, one standing at Henbury, the other at St Vincent’s Rocks by the Avon Gorge (see above). The Henbury giant, called "Goram" or "Gorm", threw a large one at his rival, but it fell short of its target; this accounts for the capstone of a formerly visible megalithic monument at Druid Stoke (see Druidical Stones on the 1889 OS 6” map, Gloucestershire at 356176).

ources of the legend and its literature

The earliest record of this cluster of stories is said to date from the 17th century. [Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 97 (1979)] Marc Vyvyan-Jones, with help from Roland Clare and Linda Clare, wrote (on Plough Monday 1993) a mumming-style play based on the legend. This was first performed by Rag Morris at Blaise Castle, Bristol on Saturday 20 March 1993. [Mann, Deborah and Woodward, Kim (2008) Personal communications] An anonymous poem about the giants is selectively quoted by [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/3870 Stewart Guy] , who also gives variants of the legend and some incorrect speculations about the names.

References

Links

* [http://brisray.com/bristol/bhist1.htm (2005) Ray Thomas, "Bristol", for the basic legend]
* [http://www.axbridgecavinggroup.org/group_documentation/history/ghyston_or_giants_cave.shtml Transcript of 1837 article from "Felix Farley's Bristol Journal"]
* [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/6964 Lore of Druid Stoke]
* [http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/3870 Poem about Goram and Blaise Castle]