International Union of Students

The International Union of Students (IUS) is a worldwide nonpartisan association of National Union of Students with a focus on university students. [cite web|url=http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/Preamb.html|title=The IUS Constitution - Preamble|date=2002-07-18|publisher=International Union of Students|accessdate=2007-05-03] [cite web|url=http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc.asp?mode=gn&code=772|title=UNESCO List of Non-Governmental Organizations|date=unknown|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-05-03] [cite web|url=http://www.iisg.nl/archives/en/files/i/10751913.php|title=Collection International Union of Students|date=2005-08-12|publisher=International Institute of Social History|accessdate=2007-05-03]

The IUS is the umbrella organization for 155 such student organizations across 112 countries and territories representing approximately 25 million students. [cite web|url=http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc.asp?mode=gn&code=772|title=UNESCO List of Non-Governmental Organizations|date=unknown|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-05-03] [cite web|url=http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/|title=IUS Website|date=2002-11-18|publisher=International Union of Students|accessdate=2007-05-03]

Aim and work areas

The aims of the IUS are spelled out in the 1946 preamble to the organization's Constitution [http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/index.html] :

The purpose of the International Union of Students, which is founded upon the representative student organizations of different countries, shall be to defend the rights and interests of students to promote improvement in their welfare and standard of education and to prepare them for their tasks as democratic citizens. [cite web|url=http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/Preamb.html|title=The IUS Constitution - Preamble|date=2002-07-18|publisher=International Union of Students|accessdate=2007-05-03]

According to the IUS's entry in the UNESCO Non-Governmental Organization list, the priority work areas of the IUS are: "Exchange of information, defence of students' status, peace, environment, development, human rights". [cite web|url=http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc.asp?mode=gn&code=772|title=UNESCO List of Non-Governmental Organizations|date=unknown|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-05-03]

Activities

The IUS currently works through: [cite web|url=http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/|title=IUS Website|date=2002-11-18|publisher=International Union of Students|accessdate=2007-05-03] [cite web|url=http://erc.unesco.org/ong/en/directory/ONG_Desc.asp?mode=gn&code=772|title=UNESCO List of Non-Governmental Organizations|date=unknown|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2007-05-03]

*Issuing "Student Statements"
*"Circular News Letters" and "Calls for Action" to members
*Celebration of the International Students' Day on November 17
*Organizing "Student Conferences"

Logo symbolism

The logo and flag of the IUS is a burning torch and an open book set against the red and blue outline of a stylized globe. It symbolizes youth's persistent quest for knowledge. [Rzhevsky, Valery (1988): 'International Day of Students Marked Today'; Prague, November 17; The Russian Information Agency ITAR-TASS ]

History

Early history 1946 - 1956

The International Union of Students was founded in Prague on August 27, 1946. [cite web|url=http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/Preamb.html|title=The IUS Constitution - Preamble|date=2002-07-18|publisher=International Union of Students|accessdate=2007-05-03] Student organizations from 62 countries participated in its founding envisioning a more inclusive successor to the short lived 1941-1944 International Council of Students (also known as the International Students' Council) which was set up on the initiative of the British National Union of Students to maintain open lines of communication with student organizations in allied countries during World War II. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 161-162]

From its earliest inception, the IUS was marked by a fundamental schism:

"The spirit of [post-war] co-operation and the desire to prevent a resurgence of fascism in Europe brought together otherwise divergent groups. The main divisions, evident even at the founding congress, were between the Communist student organizations, which gained control of the executive bodies of the IUS from the beginning, and the student unions from western Europe, many of which were primarily interested in preserving the idea of a non-political international agency which would provide concrete services to the students of various countries" [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 161]

In response to the increasingly partisan Communist course of the IUS and the broad powers of its Secretariat and Executive Committee to initiate new policy programmes on behalf of the members, several non-Communist members withdrew their membership in the following years. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 162-164]

Consequently, 21 such break-away National Union of Students met in Stockholm in 1950 to form the International Student Conference (ISC) as a nonpartisan rival organization to the Communist IUS. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 163] [Kehr, Marguerite (1958): 'The International Program of the USNSA'; The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 29, No. 6. (Jun., 1958), p. 317] Notable among these founders was the United States National Student Association (USNSA or NSA) [Kehr, Marguerite (1958): 'The International Program of the USNSA'; The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 29, No. 6. (Jun., 1958), p. 317] though "Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavians and Dutch wielded the greatest influence [in the ISC] ". [Pinner, Frank A. : 'Student Trade-Unionism in France, Belgium and Holland: Anticipatory Socialization and Role-Seeking'; Sociology of Education, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Spring, 1964), p. 182]

At the time of the formation of the ISC, the dominant view in later analyses is that the IUS had become Communist controlled to such a degree that it is often referred to as a Soviet Union Communist front organization with the IUS and ISC aligned along the Cold War fronts toward the Soviet Union and the United States of America respectively. [Masani, M. R. (1951): 'The Communist Party in India'; Pacific Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Mar., 1951), p. 26] [Kroef, Justus M. Van Der (1955): 'Higher Education in Indonesia'; The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 26, No. 7. (Oct., 1955), p. 370] [Morris, Bernard S. (1956): 'Communist International Front Organizations: Their Nature and Function'; World Politics, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Oct., 1956), p. 78] [Lyonette, Kevin (1966): 'Student Organisations in Latin America'; International Affairs" (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 42, No. 4. (Oct., 1966), p. 660] By 1956, all western student organizations had left the IUS. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 163]

A dissenting view that the IUS was strongly influenced by socialism and communism but not de facto controlled by Soviet Communist interests, has also been expressed, however: [Brammer, Lawrence M. (1967): 'The Student Rebel in the University: A World-wide View'; The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 38, No. 5. (May, 1967), pp. 259]

"It is significant that several former IUS officers later became outspoken liberals in Czechoslovakia and in the French and Italian Communist Parties. The outward pro-Soviet orientation of the IUS often obscured real differences within the organization" [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 162]

IUS activities in this period included Student Games held by the IUS Sports Council. The first such games were held in Paris in 1946 and were subsequently integrated into the World Youth Festivals (also known as World Festival of Youth and Students) which the IUS co-sponsored with the equally Communist oriented World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY). [Riordan, James (1974): 'Soviet Sport and Soviet Foreign Policy'; Soviet Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3. (Jul., 1974), p. 328]

Such festivals brought up to 30,000 youth and students together for a social, cultural and sporting event [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 171-172] (see World Federation of Democratic Youth).

IUS from 1956 - 1969

From 1956 onwards, the IUS and ISC competed to attract student unions non-aligned in the Cold War sense. Focus was on Latin America, Asia and Africa and recruitment of member unions from here resulted in a broader political base for the IUS. [Ibingira, Grace (1965): 'Political Movements and Their Role in Promoting Unity in East Africa'; Transition, No. 20. (1965), p. 42] [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 171-172]

Activities in this period included among others regional student seminars, donation of duplication machines and cameras to help affiliates, the establishment of student Health Centres in India, [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 164] international student conferences as well as the publication in German, Russian and Czech of the "World Student News" journal of the IUS, the "Democratic Education" journal of the IUS, and topical pamphlets concerning education. More spectacularly, the IUS continued to co-sponsor World Youth Festivals with the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY). [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 171-172]

It was well-known from the outset that the IUS was funded by Soviet and Czech government contributions: [Rudner, Martin (1996): 'East European Aid to Asian Developing Countries: The Legacy of the Communist Era'; Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1. (Feb., 1996), p. 23]

"The cost of international meetings, large-scale publications, and the other activities in which they engage, are beyond the financial resources of university students" [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 167]

However, the IUS's inability to win leadership in left-wing student movements in Europe despite its many activities caused the Soviet Union to re-evaluate its support. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 173]

The major challenge for the IUS in this period turned out to be its preoccupation with an ideological agenda rather than a focus on actual student concerns and affairs. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 173] [Lyonette, Kevin (1966): 'Student Organisations in Latin America'; International Affairs" (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), Vol. 42, No. 4. (Oct., 1966), p. 660] . As a consequence of this stance, the organization became detached from its student base and was circumvented by grassroots movements in, e.g. the planning of international anti-war demonstrations in relation to the Vietnam War. The major achievements of the IUS in this period were therefore firstly helping create National Union of Students in developing countries and secondly aiding student union members with information and idea exchange. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 171 ]

The dissolution of the IUS's rival organization the International Student Conference (ISC) owing to lack of funds became a reality in 1969. [Altbach, Phillip G. (1970): 'The International Student Movement'; Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 5, No. 1, p. 174] The demise of the ISC were hastened by the 1967 revelation that the CIA had indirectly funded the ISC and recruited student representatives from the United States National Student Association (USNSA) to actively oppose Communism in the IUS. This undermined both the financial and student political support of the ISC leaving, once again, the IUS as the only world wide student organization. [McDonald, Robert (1967): 'NSA/CIA: The Kiddies and Their Playmates'; Transition, No. 31 (Jun - Jul, 1967), pp. 14-19]

IUS from 1970 - present

This period in IUS history is marked by the chairmanship of the same chairman from 1977 to 1986 [United Press International (1990): 'Former Communist Party boss goes on trial in Prague'; June 25, 1990, SECTION: International ] under whom a flurry of international IUS activity took place in 1979. [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979a): 'Indochina. IUS delegation in Cambodia'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts; November 7, 1979, Part 3 The Far East; A. International Affairs; 2. The USSR and East-ern Europe; FE/6265/A2/3 ] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979b): 'Indochina; IUS delegation in Vietnam'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, October 5, 1979, Part 3 The Far East; A. International Affairs; 2. The USSR and East-ern Europe; FE/6237/A2/2 ] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979c): 'IUS delegation leaves for Indochina'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 26, 1979, Part 2 Eastern Europe; A. International Affairs; 3. The Far East; EE/6229/A3/1] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979d): 'Afghan Youth Organization delegation in Prague'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 18, 1979, Part 2 Eastern Europe; A. International Affairs; 3. The Far East; EE/6222/A3/3] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979e): 'Panamanian student leader in Czechoslovakia'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, September 6, 1979, Part 2 Eastern Europe; A. International Affairs; 1. General and Western Affairs; EE/6212/A1/4] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979f): 'Latin American student official in Czechoslovakia'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, August 29, 1979, PART 2 EASTERN EUROPE; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 1. GENERAL AND WESTERN AFFAIRS; EE/6205/A1/5] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1979g): 'International students' forum in Helsinki'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, August 21, 1979, PART 2 EASTERN EUROPE; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 1. GENERAL AND WESTERN AFFAIRS; EE/6199/A1/3]

The most significant event of the period for the IUS, however, was the turmoil the organization encountered after the 1989 - 1991 fall of Communism (see also World Federation of Democratic Youth) during which the IUS lost most of its funding. [Fine, Philip (2003): 'International Union of Students Marks Its Comeback With Call For Worldwide Day of Protest'; The Times Higher Education Supplement, TSL Education Limited, August 8, 2003, No.1601; Pg.2] Additionally, in August 1991, the Czechoslovak Minister of the Interior decided to expel the IUS and other Communist front organizations from Czechoslovakia. [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1992): 'International organisations protest expulsion from Czechoslovakia'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 15, 1992, Part 2 Eastern Europe; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 1. GENERAL AND WESTERN AFFAIRS; EE/1278/A1/ 1 ] [The British Broadcasting Corporation (1992): 'International organisations protest expulsion from Czechoslovakia'; BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 15, 1992, Part 2 Eastern Europe; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 1. GENERAL AND WESTERN AFFAIRS; EE/1278/A1/ 1 ] [The Russian Information Agency ITAR-TASS (1990): 'STUDENTS' SEMINAR DEALS WITH EMPLOYMENT, SEAT OF IUS HQ'; TASS, December 19, 1990, BY TASS CORRESPONDENT NIKOLAI PASKA, HAVANA, DECEMBER 19 ] The reasons given for the expulsion were close ties with the old Communist regime and abuse of tax privileges granted during the old Communist regime. [The Russian Information Agency ITAR-TASS (1990): 'CZECHO-SLOVAKIA DECIDES TO EXPEL IOJ AND IUS FROM COUNTRY'; TASS, November 22, 1990 ] [CTK National News Wire (1992): 'INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS ANNOUNCES NEW LEADERSHIP'; CTK National News Wire, April 23, 1992, NEWS ] [Fine, Philip (2003): 'International Union of Students Marks Its Comeback With Call For Worldwide Day of Protest'; The Times Higher Education Supplement, TSL Education Limited, August 8, 2003, No.1601; Pg.2 ]

Despite the hardships of the 1990s, [Fine, Philip (2003): 'International Union Of Students Marks Its Comeback With Call For Worldwide Day of Protest'; The Times Higher Education Supplement, TSL Education Limited, August 8, 2003, No.1601; Pg.2] the organization elected a new leadership at its 1992 Cyprus Congress [CTK National News Wire (1992): 'INTERNATIONAL UNION OF STUDENTS ANNOUNCES NEW LEADERSHIP'; CTK National News Wire, April 23, 1992, NEWS ] and initiated structural changes of its [http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/index.html Constitution] to renew itself and evolve beyond its Communist past:

"At the 16th Congress of the International Union of Students (IUS), which took place in January 1992 in Larnaca, Cyprus, the organisation underwent major changes, including the development of a new constitution. These initiatives were adopted to establish the basis for a more democratic, representative, and independent international student organisation" [International Union of Students (2000): Report of the Executive Secretariat to The Council and 17th Congress of The International Union of Students. For the Period from February 1992 to March 2000; dated March 19, 2000, p. 2 [http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/congress/pdf/report.pdf] ]

The new leadership and its successors continued to make press appearances in, e.g., relation to International Students' Day celebration in Dublin in 1994 [The Irish Times (1994): "Students' Day marked by Dublin march"; The Irish Times, November 18, 1994, CITY EDITION, HOME NEWS; Pg. 4] and the 1998 UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education. [FT Asia Intelligence Wire (1998): 'Free access to education demanded'; The Hindu ]

In August 2003, the International Union of Students marked a comeback by calling for a worldwide day of protest against the inclusion of Higher Education in the WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services. [Fine, Philip (2003): 'International Union of Students Marks Its Comeback With Call For Worldwide Day of Protest'; The Times Higher Education Supplement, TSL Education Limited, August 8, 2003, No.1601; Pg.2] [Jobbins, David (2003): 'Qatar's Iraq Gesture Challenges Us Grip'; The Times Higher Education Supplement, TSL Education Limited, June 27, 2003, No.1595; Pg.11]

The IUS is still, however, struggling with its expulsion from its Prague headquarters as of October 2006:

"Most cold war institutions shriveled in the 1990s, along with their superpower backing. The big communist front outfits that fought propaganda wars, awash with cash and stuffed with spies, have fizzled away in a mixture of apathy and swindles. This week's court-enforced auction of a hulking concrete pile in the heart of Prague belonging to one of them, the International Union of Students, was halted amid squabbles among its dozens of creditors" [The Economist Newspapers Ltd. (2006): 'Let each stand in his place: Cold war survivors'; The Economist October 28, 2006, U.S. Edition, SECTION: INTERNATIONAL, Dateline: Prague ]

ee also

* International Student Conference
* Student movement
* WFDY

Further reading

* Cornell, Richard (1965): Youth And Communism: An Historical Analysis of International Communist Youth Movements; Walker & Co.: New York
* Clews, John (1952): Students Unite: The International Union of Students and Its Work; foreword by S. Spender, Congress for Cultural Freedom; British Society for Cultural Freedom: Paris (ASIN: B0000CIEJO)
* Maanen, Gert Van (1966): The International Student Movement. History and Background; International Documentation and Information Centre: The Hague

Notes

External links

* [http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/ International Union of Students web site]
* [http://www.esib.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=137&Itemid=292 ESU - The European Students' Union: The International Student Movement during the Cold War (1946 - 1969)]