Fokker Eindecker

infobox Aircraft
name = Eindecker
type = Fighter

manufacturer = Fokker

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caption = Captured Fokker E.III 210/16 in flight at Upavon, Wiltshire in 1916.
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number built = 416
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variants with their own articles = The Fokker Eindecker was a German First World War monoplane single-seat fighter aircraft designed by Dutch engineer Anthony Fokker.Boyne 1988] Developed in April 1915, the Eindecker ("Monoplane") was the first purpose-built German fighter aircraft and the first aircraft to be fitted with synchronizer gear, enabling the pilot to fire a machine gun through the arc of the propeller without striking the blades. The Eindecker granted the German air force, or "Luftstreitkräfte," a degree of air superiority from July 1915 until early 1916; a period known as the Fokker Scourge during which Allied aviators regarded their poorly armed aircraft as "Fokker Fodder".

Design and development

The Eindecker was based on Fokker's unarmed A.III scout (itself following very closely the design of the French Morane-Saulnier Type H shoulder-wing monoplane) which was fitted with a synchronizer mechanism controlling a single Parabellum MG14 machine gun. Anthony Fokker personally demonstrated the system, having towed the prototype aircraft behind his touring car to a military airfield near Berlin.

All Eindeckers used a gravity fuel tank which had to be constantly filled by hand-pumping from the main fuel tank behind the pilot; this task had to be performed up to eight times an hour. Both the rudder and elevator were balanced, and the type had no fixed tail surfaces. This combination rendered the Eindecker very responsive to pitch and yaw. For an inexperienced pilot, the extreme sensitivity of the elevators made level flight difficult; German ace "Leutnant" Kurt Wintgens stated "lightning is a straight line compared with the barogram of the first solo". Roll response on the other hand, was poor. This is often blamed on the use of wing-warping rather than ailerons - although monoplanes of the time, even when fitted with ailerons, often had unpredictable or unresponsive roll control due to the flexibility of their wings.

The main difference between the E.I and E.II was the engine, the former having the 7-cylinder 80 hp Oberursel U.0 rotary engine which was essentially a direct copy of the French-made Gnôme Lambda 80 hp seven cylinder rotary engine, while the latter had the 9-cylinder Oberursel U I 100 hp version, a direct copy of the French Gnôme 100 hp "Monosoupape" rotary engine. Production of the types therefore depended on engine availability and the two variants were built in parallel. Many E.IIs were either completed as E.IIIs or upgraded to E.III standard when returned for repair.

The definitive version of the Eindecker was the Fokker E.III. Boelcke's "Feldflieger Abteilung 62" began operating the E.III towards the end of 1915. Some E.IIIs were armed with twin Spandau MG 08 machine guns. The final variant was the Fokker E.IV which received a 160 hp engine and was fitted with twin machine guns as standard.Total production was 416 aircraft (one aircraft's type is unknown).

Operational history

The first Eindecker victory, though unconfirmed, was achieved by Kurt Wintgens on 1 July 1915 when, while flying one of the five M.5K/MG production prototype aircraft, numbered 'E.5/15', he forced down a French Morane-Saulnier Type L two seat "parasol" monoplane. By this time the first Fokker E.Is were arriving at front line units.

The two most famous Eindecker pilots were Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann, both of "Feldflieger Abteilung 62", who scored their first kills in E.Is in August 1915. Leutnant Otto Parschau, who was instrumental in the introduction of the Eindecker from the very start, flew the M.5K/MG aircraft numbered E.1/15.

Boelcke scored the most Eindecker victories; 19 out of his final tally of 40, his last coming on 27 June, 1916. Immelmann had the second-highest Eindecker score, having achieved all his 15 victories in the type before being killed when his E.III broke up in June 1916. Eleven pilots scored five or more victories in the Eindecker. Boelcke, Immelmann and Wintgens all received Germany's highest military decoration, the "Pour le Mérite" or "Blue Max", while flying the Eindecker.

With the arrival in early 1916 of the DH.2 and F.E.2 pushers, along with the Nieuport 11, the dominance of the Eindecker evaporated and the Fokker Scourge ended.

Only one original Eindecker remains. On 8 April 1916, a novice German pilot took off from Valenciennes with a new E.III (serial number 210/16) bound for Wasquehal but became lost in haze and landed at a British aerodrome east of St. Omer. He was forced to surrender before he realised his error and could destroy the aircraft. The E.III was test-flown against the Morane-Saulnier Type N at St. Omer before going to Upavon in Wiltshire for evaluation and finally going on museum display. It now resides at the Science Museum in London. Immelmann's original E.I also survived the war and went on display in Dresden where it was destroyed by Allied bombing during the Second World War.

Variants

The Eindecker went through five variants:

# Fokker M.5K/MG (A.III) - 5 built
# Fokker E.I - 68 built
# Fokker E.II - 49 built
# Fokker E.III - 249 built
# Fokker E.IV - 49 built

pecifications (Fokker E.III)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?=plane
jet or prop?=prop
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crew= one, pilot
capacity=
payload main=
payload alt=
length main= 7.2 m
length alt= 23 ft 6 in
span main= 9.52 m
span alt= 31 ft 2 in
height main= 2.4 m
height alt= 7 ft 9 in
area main= m²
area alt= ft²
airfoil=
empty weight main= 400 kg
empty weight alt= 882 lb
loaded weight main= 610 kg
loaded weight alt= 1,345 lb
useful load main=
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max takeoff weight main=
max takeoff weight alt=
more general=
engine (prop)= Oberursel U.I
type of prop=1 Rotary Engine
number of props=1
power main= 74 kW
power alt= 99 hp
power original=
max speed main=140 km/h
max speed alt= 76 kts
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
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stall speed alt=
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
range main=
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ceiling main=
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armament=
* 1 × Parabellum MG14 machine gun
avionics=

ee also

*Fokker Fodder
*Fokker Scourge
*Interrupter gear
*Max Immelmann
*Oswald Boelcke

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Boyne, Walter J. "The Smithsonian Book of Flight for Young People". Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute, 1988. ISBN 0-689-31422-1.
* Grosz, Peter M. "Fokker E I/II" (Windsock Datafile No. 91). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Publications, 2002. ISBN 1-90220-746-7.
* Grosz, Peter M. "Fokker E III" (Windsock Datafile No. 15). Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Publications, 1989. ISBN 0-94841-419-7.
* Jarrett, Phillip. "Database: The Fokker Eindeckers". "Aeroplane Monthly", December 2004.

External links

* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/flight/flight/fokker.asp Science Museum: History of Flight - Fokker E.III 210/16]
* [http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/objectsthroughtime/objects/modelfokker/ Model of Fokker Eindecker, c.1916] NSW Migration Heritage Centre - Statement of Significance